Tourism is the activity of people travelling to and staying in places outside of their usual environment for not more than one than consecutive year for leisure The WritePass Journal

Tourism is the activity of people travelling to and staying in places outside of their usual environment for not more than one than consecutive year for leisure Introduction Tourism is the activity of people travelling to and staying in places outside of their usual environment for not more than one than consecutive year for leisure IntroductionDefinition of tourismSocial impactsCultural impactsMegatrend influences on tourist marketRelated Introduction Definition of tourism Tourism is the activity of people travelling to and staying in places outside of their usual environment for not more than one than consecutive year for leisure, for business and other purposes â€Å"(Youell 1998). It is about people travelling internationally to experience different cultures. Hunziker and krapf, in 1941, define tourism as â€Å"the sum of the phenomena and relationship arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent resident and not connected with any earning activity. In 1976 tourism society of England define it as tourism is the temporary, short term movement for all purposes. According to the UNSRID (2001) there were 567m such travelers in 1995. Therefore any social or cultural chances will have an impact on the Tourism and Hospitality Industry. This essay is focus on the tourisms industry within European context but it will refer some cases to specific countries.   It will consider how the economic growth of the 50th influence European society and run the development of tourism as a society activity become an integral part of the lifestyle in northern European. Social impacts Since the internet and World Wide Web is invented many  Ã‚   industries have been steadily disrupted. Many businesses found theirselves unable to compete in the today’s digital world. Moreover social industry makes it easier to gather competitive intelligence than ever before. The companies who are ready to adapt these changes could get cost and differentiate advantages, said by Dess et al2010. Because of this hotel can achieve benefits on both selling side and buy side. In effect it is more costly and time consuming to maintain the relationship with exchanging information about supplies needed, said by Laudon et al2007. According to the chaffey in 209, benefits of e-SCM comprise increased process efficiency and it reduces complexity and cost and also improves data integration and innovation. It is said by Hogast, an Australian purchasing association that it enables the hotels to combine their resources to improve process effectiveness. Now days hotels have to cope with perish ability and seasonality of their service offering. These days more than 70% of households in many European countries internet access. There is always a discussion on negative aspects’ of online intermediaries. However internet enables hotels to take over any intermediary and through developing their own channels online they can cut out the middleman. For example, customers were attracted from France Belgium by website by Austrian wellness hotel. It gives the benefits to the hotels that consumers are now used to this online approach. Nowadays more revelers rely on hotel reviews and their increasing seeks value of money. S ome hotels are also accused of providing false reviews and information to increase their booking in short time. But in effect it spoils the hotel image of those hotels that provide fake information. There is no doubt that myriads of hotel reviews can have both positive and negative effects on costumer’s expectations. If hotels implements web software to avoid problems then it is the employee who has to learn properly how to use that service. For example, the intercontinental hotel group (IHG) advertises via Google ADWORDS and enables independent media owner to encourage their products in exchange for commission. Furthermore HIG hotels also increase their sales through mobile advertising and a dedicated mobile version of its website (Google 2011). There is also other online services provide by ebay.com, priceline.com, or groupon.com that can be integrated in yield management initiatives to increase customers demand, yet it must be born in mind that heavy discount might adverti se affect brand equity (killian branding, 2011) Cultural impacts Culture tourism is the one of the largest growing global tourism market. Culture and creative industries’ are increasingly being used to destination and enhance their competitiveness and attractiveness. Travel for leisure in western European began from minority of privileges classes centuries ago and has develop to mass participation of the people in the post –warera. â€Å"In 1950 there were approximately 25 million international tourists and after that it reaches to 616 million in 1997†. This phenomenon was remarkable repaid and has been possible thanks to the economic reforms that follow the 2nd world war. In the UK. The lab our party introduce a massive â€Å"reconstruction† program under the supervision of Keynes, an economic adviser. Many locations are developing now for their tangible and intangible culture assets as mean to developing tourism. The cold environment is not merely a setting in which a rich diversity people live, but rather it encompasses the essential resources upon which the lives and culture depends. Wide cultural differences occur between countries and sometimes between different regions within the same country. Indeed the existence of such difference may be the one principle stimulants of a tourism industry. According to the butler and hinch, 1996 in some developing countries traditional cultural behavior patterns of particular groups of people form one focus of the tourism industry. The problem is exacerbated because tourists are by definition, strangers in the destination. There dress code and style pattern and behavior are the different to the residents and different from those that the tourist would display at home: shyness is lean-to and the consequent problems of prostitution, drugs, gambling and sometimes vandalism ensure.   All strangers tourist may fall in robbery and crimes perpetrated by the local community who may see these activities. Culture heritage included thought of built tradition building, archaeological heritage, and socio- culture heritage. Architectural heritage may be affected by the climate changing number of ways. The most obvious is the direct effect of rising sea level on those that are near the coast and may be damage by coastal impacts. Cultural change is included both of by factors which are internal and external to culture. Culture would change in the absence of tourism. A serious increase in tourism will cause a â€Å"cultural revolution† which result in whole new culture replacing the existing one. The leisure destination concept , with retail as its essential for many people provide a â€Å"one stop shop† for all their leisure needs. The sheer number of attracted by such complex give an indication of the importance of the retail tourism enhance by entertainment facilities. Fig 1 shows visitor numbers for retail attraction compared to more traditional UK visitor’s attraction. Attraction Visitor numbers Attraction Visitor numbers Trafford centre 30 million Chester zoo 1.25 million Meadowhall 30 million British museum 5.9 million Blue water 27 million Few gardens 1.3 million    Cadbury world 0.5 million There are a number of reasons for the success of the retail attraction which include the following. Large – scale complexes which can attract up to 35 million visitors annually.   Open for more than 15 hours per day, 363 day a year. Free at point entry. Safe, clean and air condition environment. Multiple products base- shops, restaurants, bars and entertainment. Megatrend influences on tourist market The end of the twentieth century was a great time for transformation in all fields of life. There were many fast paced changes throughout social condition, the economy and technology, which brought many changes with in tourism.   The fluxuation and competition within the tourist market not only requires constant observation and the ability to anticipate change, but also being able to react to the new trend before it becomes the norm. This shows the importance of the knowledge in the action of these megatrends which can be classified in to six basic groups; demographics, politics, social and cultural, economics technology and ecology.   In each groups there are positive factors, which will either stimulate or dater the development of the tourism, each with variability in strength and effect. The table of megatrends and tourism development. In conclusion, with the culture and tourism change tourism industry is growing very fast. Everything is in our hand in which we can solve all the problems. Due to these changes tourism industry day by day and gaining benefits. Also tourist who are out of the country they see different things, different types of people and they also taste different type of food in those countries where they travel. With these companies government take benefits. So these culture and social changes carried many positive and negative impacts on the world which we discuss in my essay. Bibliography GLOBEL TOURISM 2ND EDDITION BY William f. Theobald WWW. OPPAPERS.COM/ ESSAY / EUROPEAN, SOCIAL AND CULTURE RECENT EVENTS. DR.KRISTIAN J. 2009 TRENDS AND ISSUES IN GLOBAL TOURISM, SPRINGER PUBLICATION. Archer, B.H.: Demand forecasting and estimation, w: Travel, Tourism and Hospitality [Ed. W.Ritchie C.Goeldner], Wiley, New York 1989 GEOFFEY WALL, ALISTER MATHIESON TOURISM: CHANGES, IMPACTS AND OPPORTUNITIES. Kusluvan, S., 2003, Managing Employee Attitudes and Behaviours in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry, Nova Publishers

Lanthanum Facts - La Element Facts

Lanthanum Facts - La Element Facts Lanthanum is element number 57 with element symbol La. It is a soft, silver-colored, ductile metal known as the starting element for the lanthanide series. It is a rare earth element that usually displays the oxidation number of 3. While lanthanum serves no known biological role in humans and other animals, it is an essential element for some types of bacteria. Here is a collection of La element facts, along with the atomic data for lanthanum. Fast Facts: Lanthanum Element Name: LanthanumElement Symbol: LaAtomic Number: 57Appearance: Silvery white solid metalAtomic Weight: 138.905Group: Group 3Period: Period 6Block: d-block or f-blockElectron Configuration: [Xe] 5d1  6s2 Interesting Lanthanum Facts Lanthanum is a metal so soft it can be cut with a butter knife. It is highly malleable and ductile. Although the freshly cut metal is bright silver, it rapidly oxidizes or tarnishes in air.Lanthanum was discovered by Carl Mosander in 1839 in the mineral cerite. Mosander was a student of Swedish chemist Berzelius, who had discovered cerium in cerite in 1803. Mosander had suspected ceria contained more rare earth elements besides cerium. Axel Erdmann independently discovered lanthanum the same year as Mosander from a Norwegian mineral Erdmann named mosandrite, in honor of Mosander. Pure lanthanum metal was not produced until 1923 by H. Kremers and R. Stevens.Berzelius suggested the named Lanthana for the new element, which comes from the Greek word lanthano, meaning to be hidden.Natural lanthanum is a mixture of two isotopes. La-139 is stable, while La-138 is radioactive. At least 38 isotopes of the element have been produced.  Lanthanum is one of the most reactive of the rare earth elements. Its uses are somewhat limited by how readily it oxidizes. It is the strongest base of there found in hybrid cars. About 10 kg of lanthanum are needed to make one Toyota Prius ba  trivalent lanthanides. Lanthanum is used in nickel-metal hydride batteries, which attery! Lanthanum compounds may be added to pool produces to lower levels of phosphates, reducing algae growth. Lanthanum is also used as a petroleum cracking catalyst, as a steel additive, to make nodular cast iron, to make infrared absorbing glass and night vision goggles, and to make high-end camera and telescope lenses. Lanthanum oxide has a low dispersion and high refractive index.Lanthanum has no known function in human or animal nutrition. Because it is so reactive, it is considered moderately toxic. Lanthanum carbonate is used to reduce blood phosphate levels in patients with kidney disease.Like most rare earth, lanthanum is not really all that rare, just hard to isolate. Lanthanum is present at an abundance of about 32 parts per million in the Earths crust. Lanthanum is a soft, ductile silvery metal. Jurii Lanthanum Atomic Data Element Name: Lanthanum Atomic Number: 57 Symbol: La Atomic Weight: 138.9055 Discovery: Mosander 1839 Name Origin: From the Greek word lanthaneis (to lie hidden) Electron Configuration: [Xe] 5d1 6s2 Group: lanthanide Density 293 K: 6.7 g/cm3 Atomic Volume: 20.73 cm3/mol Melting Point: 1193.2 K Boiling Point: 3693 K Heat of Fusion: 6.20 kJ/mol Heat of Vaporization: 414.0 kJ/mol 1st Ionization Energy: 538.1 kJ/mole 2nd Ionization Energy: 1067 kJ/mole 3rd ionization Energy: 1850 kJ/mole Electron Affinity: 50 kJ/mole Electronegativity: 1.1 Specific Heat: 0.19 J/gK Heat Atomization: 423 kJ/mole atoms Shells: 2,8,18,18,9,2 Minimum Oxidation Number: 0 Maximum Oxidation Number: 3 Structure: hexagonal Color: silvery-white Uses: lighter flints, camera lenses, cathode ray tubes Hardness: soft, malleable, ductile Isotopes (half-life): Natural lanthanum is a mix of two isotopes, though more isotopes now exist. La-134 (6.5 minutes), La-137 (6000.0 years), La-138 (1.05E10 years), La-139 (stable), La-140 (1.67 days), La-141 (3.9 hours), La-142 (1.54 minutes) Atomic Radius: 187 pm Ionic Radius (3 ion): 117.2 pm Thermal Conductivity: 13.4 J/m-sec-deg Electrical Conductivity: 14.2 1/mohm-cm Polarizability: 31.1 A^3 Source: monazite (phosphate), bastnaesite Sources Emsley, John (2011). Natures building blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Drama - Essay Example Much can be discerned about the nature of average lifestyles in post-World War II America through an examination of the play’s plot structure, other sensual elements, language, contextualization and form. Tennessee Williams’ play A Streetcar Named Desire is based in post World War II New Orleans, specifically the French Quarter, where a mixed ethnic and social working class group attempt to live in close proximity to each other without coming to blows. It is a noisy, sometimes violent and always busy neighborhood that opens up to Blanche Dubois at the opening of the play. Blanche is a retiring former Southern Belle now attempting to pick up the pieces of her shattered life and shattered psyche to make a new start. She arrives at her sister’s tiny apartment, consisting only of two rooms separated by a flimsy curtain, explaining how she has been given a lengthy leave of absence from her teaching position in Laurel, Mississippi in an effort to provide her the time she needs to restore her nerves. From here, Blanche only becomes more complicated, complicating the lives of her sister and Stanley Kowalski, her sister’s husband, as she attempts to secure a small, quiet place on earth to call her own. From this mystifying opening, the play begins to illustrate how the two women and the man interact as they attempt to find a peaceful means of co-existence. This is made exceedingly difficult as Blanche cannot accept or understand how Stella might possibly be happy in such surroundings and married to such a ‘common’ brute man. Shortly after her arrival, she is attempting to encourage Stella to run away with her to somewhere nicer, perhaps to the home of an old beau of hers by the name of Shep Huntleigh, who is now a millionaire. It is never determined whether this individual actually existed or would have recognized Blanche had

Religion and Americas Founding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religion and Americas Founding - Essay Example Things have greatly metamorphosed from how they were in the past. It is true that the Founding fathers were truthfully religious Christians. They did not only read the Bible, but also lived by it. Their children were also given Biblical names, and most of their communities were given names after the cities in the Holy land. The Christian Americans of the eighteenth century saw their rise and development in religious and mostly Biblical terms. Nevertheless, in the declaration of independence, they appealed to God as the creator, the highest judge of the whole world and the divine providence for legality and protection. In the Constitution of the United States of America, we find that there is nothing like separation of the church and the state. The separation of the church and the state’s purpose was not to create freedom from religion, but creation of freedom for religion (Rauchut 4-21). One book that was taken seriously by the Founding Fathers is the Holy Bible. The people of America have always been considering themselves as a Christian state, embracing all religions, as long as they all they all agreed with the traditional Christian-Judeo principles as they are stipulated in the Holy Bible. Even at present, up to about eighty-five percent of the people of America consider themselves Christians. ... It would also be to the shock of the Founding fathers to realize that their descendants, whereas preaching to the Christians who are Bible believing, are following a scheme that is dreamed up by the republic of Saudi Arabia, a nation that is aggressive against the Jews and Christians, as well as the Western Civilization. I believe the modern or present-day demands of the world have led to the separation of the church and state. This is because the world is currently considered to be a rotten place and the church cannot single-handedly clear up the mess. There are several things that happen in the world today such as terrorism that are not supported by the church; however, it cannot offer an appropriate solution, which makes it difficult for the church to be involved in such matters. Fighting terrorism requires an intensive fight with the suspected perpetrators, which leads to several deaths, and this cannot be supported b the church (Rauchut 6-19). Does morality depend on any Godsâ⠂¬â„¢ existence? I believe there is no apparent reason as to why people should believe a thing like that. If we actually believe in the presence of a God, even one that has most of the theism, philosophical and classicalism’s traditional qualities, then there are no specific moral values that can be derived from that premise. One major complaint regarding the issue of secularism is that belief in God and religion are the fundamentals of morality, a democratic society and justice. Here, the fundamental premise is that the only values that eventually matter are those that are inspirational, and they can only be understood and perceived via connection or relationship with divine and religious tradition. Religious and different kinds of theism have literally had decades of years

Holes Essay Example for Free

Holes Essay There are many different challenges that Stanley Yelnats (the main character) from the bestselling novel Holes written by Louis Sachar has to over come. Stanley was first seen in the movie when a tilted shot of shoes hit him in the head and he fell on the ground portraying he was weak and a bit stupid. Stanleys personality was also displayed when his mum was so shocked when the police came around to their house telling them Stanley had stolens, this shows that Stanley had never commited a crime before and wasnt usually a trouble maker. The movie directed by Andrew Davis portrays everything the book does and it shows nearly all the insight into Stanleys life that author describes in the book. There are many challenges but the main one is breaking the curse that Stanleys family has been stuck in for more than 100 years. This challenge shows many significant themes in this book like friendship, determination and fate. The main dispute for Stanley was breaking his family curse. Although he didnt know if it was even real and that he had broken it , it was clear for the audience watching the movie that he had. The curse was put on his family more than 100 years ago when the first Yelnats, Elya Yelnats went to a fortune teller called Madame Zeroni. She made him a deal that he could have one of her small pigs if he carried Madame Zeroni up the mountain when he was done making the pig nice and fat so he could give it to the father of the girl of his dreams. When he noticed that the girl really was stupid like Madame Zeroni warmed him he decided to move from Lativia to America. However he forgot to carry Madame Zeroni up the mountain so she put a curse on his family forever. This was portrayed by a dissolve of Madame Zeroni repeating that she will put a curse on his family to Elya leaving Lativia. The low angle of Madame Zeronis face made it obvious that she was not kidding and very serious about the curse. When Stanely carried Hectoria Zeroni (a descendant of Madame Zeroni) up â€Å"Gods Thumb† which was also portrayed with a low angle making it look very commodious, he broke the family curse. This challenge portrayed many key ideas and themes and one of them was friendship. Zero (Hector Zeroni) and Stanley didnt know eachother at all but due to them both being the outcasts of the group they started to get to know eachother and Stanley started to teach Zero how to read and Zero helped dig Stanley holes so he wasnt so tired and could teach him. These lessons however were then stopped by the Warden, who was introduced by a high angle on her boots which already made her look threating as you could compare it to some movies where the thief or cowboys boots got introduced before their face which usually portrayed they were a significant character that usually was there to cause harm. However this didnt stop Zero and Stanleys friendship growing, when Zero ran away form the camp as he had enough of it Stanley had to go and rescue his only close friend he had at the camp. This shows Stanleys friendly love for Zero portrayed by the dissolving of Stanley walking through the dessert and than of the sun showing how hot it was. The soundtrack of mysterious music kept you guessing to see if Stanley would end up finding Zero or not. The orange overalls that all the boys at Camp Greenlake wore made Zero recognizable in the dessert. The audience knew that when the two boys rejoiced both of them were very content due to the soundtrack turning from mysterious to faster more lively music. Another key idea that the challenge portrayed was change. Change for Stanley, his family and Hector Zeroni. There were many unanswered questions that produced tension, secrecy through the entire movie but these questions were all answered when Stanley broke the curse. There was quite a journey to break the curse for Stanley and during this period his character changed dramatically. He used to a gullable, weak , little boy that couldnt stand up for himself. But he turned into a strong, smart young adult that could even save someones life. His weak side was displayed through a high angle of Stanley searching for a camera in the shower, that he got told the Warden of the Camp had installed. This shows how gullable he was and believed everything the other boys in his hut said. As well as giving his findings in a hole to another boy who got a free day off as the Warden though he found it not Stanley. However when he was in the middle of the dessert. He saw â€Å"Gods Thumb† and took iniative. When Hector was to weak he carried him up and saved his life as he found water which the boys definitely needed as they were tired and dehydrated. When Stanley broke the curse it changed many other things mostly for his life and family. His dad finally created a way to make sweaty feet/shoes not smell and Stanley found his treasure that was buried for more than 100 years by Kissing Kate Barlow. This changed his entire lifestyle and he gave half of his treasure to Hector who used that to hire private investigastors and find his mum who he hadent seen for more than 4 years. As you can see the main challenge definitely portrays some key ideas and themes. It displays the friendship betweeen Stanley Yelanats and Hector Zeroni which is definitely one of the most important friendship. Furthermore it explains how Stanley, Hector and both of their families changed. Stanleys personality changed showed everyone how much you can change due to your circumstances and enviroment around you. He teaches everyone a good lesson and I would definitly recommend this to any person my age.

The Exeter Book :: Old English Poetry Literature Essays

The Exeter Book The Exeter Book is the largest existing collection of Old English poetry. The manuscript was given to the library of Exeter Cathedral by its first bishop, Leofric, at the end of the tenth century. The book consists of 131 parchment leaves which measure approximately 12.5 by 8.6 inches. The most famous works contained in the Exeter Book include â€Å"The Wanderer,† â€Å"The Wife’s Lament,† â€Å"The Seafarer,† and â€Å"Wulf and Eadwacer.† In addition to the 31 major poems, 96 riddles are also included in the collection. The manuscript was likely copied by a single scribe in 975, though â€Å"The Wanderer† is though to date back to the Anglo-Saxon tribes’ conversion to Christianity in the sixth century. â€Å"The Wife’s Lament† may have pre-dated â€Å"The Wanderer† because â€Å"it offers none of the typical Christian consolation for her despair and appears to reflect a pre-conversion, pagan attitude tow ards ones’ fate† (The Exeter Book). Both poems are invaluable resources in their depiction of the precepts and roles of men and women in Anglo-Saxon society. â€Å"The Wanderer† is an elegy, or a lament for the dead and the glories of the past. The narrator of the poem has lost his kin in battle and is wandering alone and contemplating the temporal nature of life. It is clear that the narrator respects the comitatus, the bond of loyalty between a lord and his warriors, as is illustrated when he recalls â€Å"embracing and kissing his liege lord and laying his hands and his head on his knee† (Wanderer 101). The stoic attitude of the narrator is reflective of the Anglo-Saxon culture in which men were supposed to be brave and unemotional. Despite this convention, the narrator’s sorrow is strongly conveyed in the Ubi Sunt (‘Where are they?’) passage when he asks, â€Å"Where has the horse gone? Where the young warrior? Where is the giver of the treasure?† (Wanderer 101). The narrator’s lament also displays the permeating cultural belief that everything in life is predetermined by fate. This is seen when the narrator envisions the end of the world in everlasting winter when â€Å"all the earth’s kingdom is wretched [and] the world beneath the skies is changed by the work of the fates† (Wanderer 102). The poem ends with a strong reference to Christianity in the lines, â€Å"It will be well with him who seeks favor, comfort from the Father in heaven, where for us all stability resides† (Wanderer 102).

Conduction Toturial

Tutorial 1 (Conduction and Convection) 1. Consider a composite structure shown on below. Conductivities of the layer are: k1 = k3 = 10 W/mK, k2 = 16 W/mK, and k4 = 46 W/mK. The convection coefficient on the right side of the composite is 30 W/m2K. Calculate the total resistance and the heat flow through the composite. (0. 46, 173. 9 W) 2. Consider a 1. 2-m high and 2-m-wide glass window whose thickness is 6 mm and thermal conductivity is k= 0. 78W/m. 0C.Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this glass window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is maintained at 24 0C while the temperature of the outdoors is -5 0C. Take the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1= 10 W/m2 . 0C and h2 = 25 W/m2 . 0C and disregard any heat transfer by radiation. (471W, 4. 40C) 3. Consider a 1. 2-m-high and 2-m-wide double-pane window consisting of two 3-mm-thick layers of glass (k=0. 78 W/m . 0C) separa ted by 12-mm-wide stagnant air space.Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this double-pane window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is maintained at 24 0C while the temperature of the outdoors is -50C. Take the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1=10 W/ m2 . 0C and h2 = 25 W/m2 . 0C and disregard any heat transfer by radiation. Given also k air = 0. 026 W/ m . 0C (114W, 19. 20C) 4. A cylindrical resistor element on a circuit board dissipates 0. 5W of power in an environment at 400C. The resistor is 1. 2 cm long, and has a diameter of 0. 3cm. Assuming heat to be transferred uniformly from all surfaces, determine (a) the amount of heat this resistor dissipates during a 24-h period, (b) the heat flux on the surface of the resistor, in W/m2 and (c) the surface temperature of the resistor for a combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient of 9 W/m2 . 0C. (3. 6 Wh, 1 179 W/m2, 1710C) 5. Water is boiling in a 25-cm-diameter aluminum pan (k=237 W/ m . 0C) at 95 0C.Heat is transferred steadily to the boiling water in the pan through its 0. 5-cm-thick flat bottom at a rate of 800 W. If the inner surface temperature of the bottom of the pan is 1080C, determine (a) the boiling heat transfer coefficient on the inner surface of the pan, and (b) the outer surface temperature of the bottom of the pan. (1254 W/m2 . 0C, 108. 30C) 6. Steam at 320 0C flows in a stainless steel pipe (k= 15 W/m. 0C) whose inner and outer diameters are 5 cm and 5. 5cm, respectively. The pipe is covered with 3-cm-thick glass wool insulation (k= 0. 38 W/m. 0C). Heat is lost to the surroundings at 50C by natural convection and radiation, with a combined natural convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient of 15 W/ m2. 0C. Taking the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be 80 W/m2. 0C, determine the rate of heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe. Also det ermine the temperature drops across the pipe shell and the insulation. (93. 9 W, 0. 095 0C, 290 0 C) 7. Consider a 8-m-long, and 0. 22-m-thick wall whose representative cross section is as given in the Figure 1.The thermal conductivities of various material used, in W/m. 0C, are kA=kF=3, kB=10, kC=23, kD=15 and kE=38. The left and right surface of the wall are maintained a uniform temperatures of 3000C and 1000C, respectively. Assuming heat transfer through the wall to be one-dimensional, determine (Given Rcond = x/kA and Rconv = 1/hA) a) The rate of heat transfer through the wall. b) The temperature at the point where the sections B, D and E meet. c) The temperature drop across the section F. (6453. 0075 W, 259. 59380C, 134. 22220C)

Modernist Styles, Including Cubism, Orphism, and Futurism

Modernist styles, including Cubism, Orphism, and Futurism challenged the practices of traditional representational art. I will argue that modernist styles including Cubism, Orphism and Futurism did challenge the practices of traditional representational art. While some may argue that that the fact that modern styles were concerned with subject gives doubt to how challenging they really were to representational art I oppose this idea entirely. All art is representational in some way.Rather than a dismissing the concept of representation in art the modernist styles challenged the validity of the external representation, which had previously en the foundation of art, by focusing on conceptual representation. Traditional representational art is based on the representation of an image as it is, at a fixed point in time, from a singular viewpoint. This type of art aimed to be entirely familiar to the viewer; the subjects involved easily recognizable and derived from sources of reality.Mel Gooding, in his book Abstract Art defines representational art as ‘any mode of representation in painting and sculpture that offers the eye the illusion of a perceived reality. ‘ I would expand on this definition to include art that aims to render n image realistically from a fixed viewpoint at a specific point in time. Based on these definitions, it is evident that Cubism, Orphism and Futurism rejected traditional concepts and conventions as these could not portray the conceptual representation modern art was concerned with.It is evident in the works produced by the artists associated with these movements that they made a conscious decision to expand what was acceptable in art by challenging the artistic techniques and practices of representational art that had been adhered to for hundreds of years. The introduction of new media, new concepts of space and form and new techniques tit light and color were all innovative and effective ways to display experiences of the wor ld in ways that weren't bound by traditional artistic conventions.These new conventions were only able to develop because modernist artists ‘consciously sought radically new ways to represent their experience of the world. ‘ Modern art at this time was all about stimulating the experience of a subject by portraying its essence through new artistic conventions. In this way these modern works challenged the more objective representational art by uncovering new concepts of reality that did not involve the burden of realism. The artist Delaney explained this as ‘historically there was a change of understanding, hence of techniques, of modes of seeing. In some ways these artists were set free from the burden of realism by the invention of the camera, which could render an image perfectly. They were given the freedom to portray their understanding of an image, not how it is observed. New modernist styles marked a change in the definition of what reality expressed through art really was, moving away from the traditional illusionist's visual mimicry to a more conceptual and internal representation. This idea was first formally established by Maurice Urinal an art critic and close friend of many of the artists involved in these modern movements.He stated that â€Å"if art is a meaner of augmenting knowledge, its function will only be served by painting forms as they are conceived in the mind. † I will argue that this conceptual form of art is more intellectually stimulating due to its complexity than the blatancy of figurative art. This is a sentiment that abstract artists wished to express and the reason they challenged the traditions of art at all. I will set out in my argument how the innovative use of artistic conventions by modernist artists proves that the practices of traditional representational art were rejected.It was only through this purposeful rejection of traditional representational art to a truer, more conceptual representation that the innovative concepts associated with these modernist styles were able to develop and this marks the development of modern art into abstraction. Space and form All three styles, Cubism, Orphism and Futurism show a pictorial space and form which would be unrecognizable to traditional representational art.. Although theses three modern styles varied, the works involved all occupied a new and more complex pace.Mel Gooding explains this as a trend in modern art away from the representation of recognizable objects in pictorial space and towards presentation of a painting or sculpture as a real object in real space. ‘ Up until this time the pictorial space created in the art work aimed to create the illusion of a real pictorial space for the spectator. The technique of one point perspective which was very much adhered to during the renaissance created a space in the picture which vanished into a single point in order to replicate the three dimensionality of our vision.This co upled with the use of shading and toning to accentuate the weight of form worked to create the illusion of looking into a realistic space. The use of formal conventions such as perspective and tone are illusionist's and therefore they were abandoned by these modern artists who were inspired to achieve a more conceptual representation of space and form. For example, Baroque said of Cubism What most attracted me and what was the governing principle of Cubism, was the materialistic of this new space which I sensed. The art movement of Cubism was in fact sparked by the idea f exploring a new anti naturalistic space which can be seen to be developed and refined throughout the phases of cubism. The driving force behind the experimentations with form that developed cubism was the rejection of the deceptive singular viewpoint perspective which governed the illusionist of representational art. Initially the search for a new, more truthful pictorial space was found in the introduction of time , the fourth dimension, into space.Around this time in history the concept that space and time where interlinked was suggested by Einstein theory of relativity which destroyed the concept that the dimensions of an object were absolute, by demonstrating that they depended on the relative position of the viewer. This abstract concept was portrayed in Cubism through the use of synthesized impressions of an image or space. As you view an image or object, your impression is not static but a moving collection of impressions over time. The use of multiple viewpoints aimed to compress a multiplicity of information gathered from various experiences of an object into one image.This innovation off truer space is most evidently portrayed by the analytic phase of Cubism. Through the incorporation of the new artistic conventions the fragmentation of form was developed. The intention was to encompass the entire visual experience of an object into one image and through this idea an effective techni que of breaking up form into planes and facets which each expressed a sample of visual information. The Cubist works now possessed a shallow pictorial space due to the abandonment of perspective on which these fragmented facets could be hung.This concept worked not to bring the viewer into an illusionist's space like traditional representational works, but to accentuate the flatness of the picture plane in order to bring the space forward to the viewer for hem to experience its analysis of the image and to stimulate those sensations provided by the experience of the objects. In Futurism the concept of time in an image was portrayed by movement. This inclusion of time as a meaner of transforming the static imagery once associated with art into a capturing of movement created a new optical and temporal space.Futurists were also interested in the use of fragmentation of form to challenge the idea of a fixed viewpoint that was used in representational art. However, they developed this i dea further and produced works which captured the idea of movement in a way that was not possible wrought traditional conventions. They achieved this through the use of rhythmic repetitions of space and form which is effective in evolving a static image into one which is in constant motion. Evidence of all of these ideas can be seen in artworks associated with all three of these modernist art styles.One of my favorite examples is Marcel Duchess's Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2. This work portrays the mechanical movement of a nude figure as it moves down a staircase. The form is made up of the synthesis of various static positions of the nude as it is in motion and Leary expresses the idea of form changing over time. The form consists of layers of superimposed facets and angular planes which is evidence of cubist ideals of space and form. At the same time the still phases of the form placed in succession create the effect of a fluid movement, this is an illustration of the futuris t need to recreate the visual experience of motion.These ideas coupled with the mechanized and almost robotic form of the image alludes to the Futurists focus on industrialization of the world. The painting was initially rejected by the hanging committee of the Salon des Independents exhibition in Paris. Their reasoning for this was ‘a nude never descends a staircase a nude always reclines. ‘ The fact that Decamp was not adhering to traditional conventions was not accepted at this time. Many found the painting unintelligible because they did not recognize the figure at face value.But this was Duchess's intention to redefine representation in art. Today the art work is treasured as a symbol of the innovative practices associated with these modern styles. Light and color Traditionally light and color were artistic conventions used to create those optical delusions necessary to form a ‘realistic' image. The light source in a representational work would be realistic an d consistently come from one light source. Color was used only as a tool for portraying the effects of light on form through shade and tone.This toning gave form the weight and the illusion of three dimensions. However, in modern art the illusion of the description of form and the natural effect of light on an image was no longer a concern. Orphism changed how color was viewed as a tool for portrayal. This was a movement that found significance in the symphony of sensations that colors are able to stimulate when crafted together. Because modernist artists no longer wanted to be confined to naturalism they were free to experiment with the effect of the relationships of color.This involved the color theory of contrasting and complementary colors and the optimum placement of these colors together to enhance hues. Delaney, a key Orphism artist was able to develop these color techniques from his studies of a chemist, Michael-Eugene Chevron's treatise, On the Law of the Simultaneous Contr ast of Colors. This treatise dealt with the concept that a color is observed differently according to its surrounding colors. An example of a modern work based upon the use of the application of color techniques is Homage to Bibelot by Robert Delaney.This work contains various circular forms all made up of highly organized bright block colors. The colors of these circular forms, which are mostly primary, are surrounded by a background of opposing colors such as a yellow, green and red image surrounded by blue, red and green respectively. It is this complete contrast which illuminates the effect of the colors to a point where they are so much more successful in their specific function when Juxtaposed in this purposeful way. It is not only this illumination that the use of these color techniques create but a pictorial space.A depth is created by the advancing and receding of colors according to their characteristics. These techniques had not been used in traditional representational a rt and are another example of how these abstract artists redefined accepted artist conventions. Media The use of different media is also an example of the development of new practices in the art world which stemmed from the rejection of traditional practices. During the Cubist movement the introduction of new media was achieved through collage, eliding the purposeful rejection of the observed for the conceptual.Cubist artists began to incorporate new materials into their works such as strips of newspaper or wallpaper. This innovation was a monumental step away from traditional art. Picasso ‘Still Life with Chair Caning consists of sections of a kitchen scene, a knife, a lemon a glass. Within the painting Picasso has also incorporated a section of chair caning patterned oil cloth. Instead of portraying the image of a chair Picasso chose to use something that would stimulate the viewer's experience of the object.The cloth as significance in the work because the viewer can relate it to the image of a chair without the image of a chair being displayed. Picasso is no longer concerned about displaying any illusionist's craftsmanship; he found a material; that would evoke the image he wished to portray and chose to incorporate it into the work. As a result, the whole purpose of art was challenged; it was no longer to replicate an external observation ‘realistically but to portray the essence of an image through pictorial clues.The images in a work may have meaning but when a foreign material is introduced it has the ability to change those meanings. For example a glass cut from newspaper confusingly evokes two images in the mind. Picasso explains this example â€Å"If a newspaper can become a bottle, that gives us something to think about in connection with both newspapers and bottles, too. This displaced object has entered a universe for which it was not made and where it retains, in a measure, its strangeness.And this strangeness was what we wanted to make people think about because we were quite aware that our world was becoming very strange and not exactly reassuring. â€Å"This peculiarity activates the mind on a higher level. The evolution of art to involve new media is a natural progression by an art movement which aims to confront the conventions of representational art and to create works which stimulate a higher level of perception than ever before. Picasso also says in the same statement about the introduction of new media â€Å"We didn't any longer want to fool the eye; we wanted to fool the mind. This idea pretty much sums up the whole purpose of these modern works. Subject Even the subject matter itself in these forms of art worked to separate itself from traditional subjects. Many works incorporated images that would activate memories f the more mundane, relatable experiences of life. It is evident that the artists involved in these styles were challenging the idea that art had to be a glorification of something, s uch as the biblical frescoes often associated with traditional art or a work that aimed to be ‘pretty.This introduction of everyday life into art effectively broadened the accessibility of art to everyday people. It was no longer a craft only obtainable by those with the ability to render the illusion of realism perfectly, it was open to anyone who wished to capture the conceptual essence of a subject through art. It is this idea which democratic art making. For cubists, subject was a platform onto which experiments with space and form could be conducted. This isn't to say that subject wasn't still taken into consideration.The easily relatable subject matter in these works was a purposeful decision in order to make the portrayal of the desired experiences easier. This was initially a playful experiment by the artists who developed these abstract artistic conventions due to the fact that they ‘enjoyed exploring the tension between apparent abstraction and suggested repres entation. ‘ Their new conceptual ideals had lead to the distortion and abstraction of the subject matter but they incorporated artistic clues to evoke the image of the object..By viewing modern works associated with these styles and considering what they seek to express, it is apparent that unlike representational art which relies on observation, the subject is not fixed but is instead based on individual and unique encounters. The work Just has to present itself and the spectator becomes the decider of the meanings of the subject. In this sense the fact that a subject of a modern work could e open to interpretation and is not obvious, modernist art styles transcended the level of intellectuality that figurative art could produce.Modern works were free to move away for the burden of only being able to portray observable images. In terms of Orphism and Futurism these movements aspired to move away from the external manifestations of human life. ‘ While Futurism chose to f ocus on the force of a dynamic subject, Orphism broke subject down into the lyricism of color. These modern artists felt that they were able to employ the dynamic forces of life such as speed and movement as the subject of a work. The inspiration for this sort of subject matter was inspired by the new technology fuelled age which was more exciting and dynamic than ever before.Because of this changing world the artists were living in they felt the need to express their excitement about life through art. This meaner that the fixed images of settings, people or landscapes associated with representational art was abandoned. Many futurist works portrayed mechanized and robotic figures or symbols of industrialization and technology immersed in some sort of movement. In conclusion, modernist styles including Cubism, Orphism and Futurism challenged he practices of traditional representational art by creating art which was more conceptual and internally driven.This focus on conceptual repres entation of a subject lead to the development of new ideas about space, form, color, light, and media and how these conventions come together to portray a subject. This redefinition of representation is evident in the works produced by these modernist artists. In the search for the ability to portray more truthfully modern artists created an art form which was more intellectually intriguing than art the world had seen before By Yachtsmen And

Analysing Health Status Of Gypsy Travellers Essays

Analysing Health Status Of Gypsy Travellers Essays Analysing Health Status Of Gypsy Travellers Essay Analysing Health Status Of Gypsy Travellers Essay Traveller itinerants have resided in the British Isles for over 500 old ages, doing them one of the largest cultural minorities. They experience widespread bias and favoritism from the settled population. Health attention for traveler itinerants has resulted in hapless entree to services and comparative disregard of their wellness demands. This essay will concentrate on inequalities in wellness experienced by itinerant and traveler communities besides discuss why they occur and will critically discourse the assorted national and local enterprises that have helped to better the wellness of itinerants and travelers. The traveling lifestyle itself is non needfully a cause for the disparity in wellness position ; on the contrary, many Travelers and those working with them see the decreased chance to populate their traditional life style as a major cause of increased physical and mental ailment wellness. travel experience frequent fright and the world of changeless evictions and disaffection of local people. In decennaries gone by Travelers were frequently welcomed for the trades and services that they provided to the local community, such as fruit picking, bit metal covering, etc. They had their traditional fillet topographic points ; most of which have now disappeared, along with some of the chances for insouciant work. Poverty has sometimes been cited as the chief cause of hapless wellness in this group. Economic adversity. Lack of instruction is another factor that can adversely act upon wellness. Low literacy attainment is still a major job for most grownup Travelers, chiefly because so few accompanied school on a regular footing, if at all. The 1996 Ofsted study stated that of an estimated 50aˆâ€ °000 Traveller kids aged 0-16 old ages every bit many as 10aˆâ€ °000 secondary school aged kids were non registered at all, and attending by the balance was well below the acceptable criterion for settled children.16There are many grounds, apart from the obvious one of mobility, for the reluctance of Travelers to direct their kids to school, particularly after they have passed primary school age. Some of the grounds are cultural, such as the tradition that from the age of about 12 the kids need a household instruction to understand and take on functions and duties within the household. Formal instruction still has small relevancy to a civilization that has ever relied on practical accomplishments and self employment. Often there is a fright about assimilation ; that the kids will non merely be educated out of their civilization but besides that they may pick up different and unacceptable moral values. Parents are besides frequently dying about strong-arming and bias. Attendance is besides affected by the demand to take part in all the many cultural and spiritual events. No community is immune from kid maltreatment and it must be acknowledged that maltreatment could more easy travel undetected in the Traveller community. Traveller civilization deems that they sort out jobs without aid or perceived intervention from outside. There is historical misgiving of societal workers because many Itinerants and Travelers throughout Europe have lost kids into attention, normally because of deficiency of support for their life style, instead than as a consequence of grounds of kid maltreatment. However, Travellers view child maltreatment as wholly detestable and most would claim that it does non be within their civilization. Most professionals working with Travellers would hold with Cemlyn17 that there appears to be less grounds of kid maltreatment in the really child centred Traveller community than in the non-Traveller community. Travelers do be given to be rigorous martinets but there is besides a high degree of physical fondness within households. Enlightened societal services sections, such as Bromley, recognize the Traveller life style and province that they take Traveller civilization into consideration in their appraisals and are careful to offer support. It is recognised that there is a strong cultural outlook that Travellers stay at place and larn their functions full clip from early teens and misss in peculiar carry out domestic undertakings and assist rise up their younger siblings from an early age.18 Griffiths illustrates this with a quotation mark from a female parent about the best manner to maintain her babe amused: merely love it, snog it, talk to it and snuggle it .19 However, Griffiths and Arnold besides point to kids who do look to endure from emotional disregard, either because there have been excessively many siblings excessively rapidly, or because female parents enduring from their ain jobs, such as domestic force, want and depression, are excessively absorbed in their jobs to run into the emotional demands of their children.19 There are other factors that affect the wellness position of Travellers. A national population based survey of wellness of Irish Travelers showed a greater prevalence of inborn anomalousnesss in Travelers compared with Irish Eastern Health Board part births ( 5.5 % 5 2.9 % ) and a important difference in the prevalence of metabolic conditions with autosomal recessionary heritage ( 12.4/1000 v 1.3/1000 ) . The incidence of first cousin matrimonies in the Traveller population was 19 % compared with 0.16 % in a settled population.14 Families at hazard require culturally sensitive familial guidance to enable them to do informed determinations. The Traveller community perceives significant economic and societal advantages in these akin brotherhoods ( A Bittles, 1996, personal communicating ) .15 Access to wellness attention Poor entree to wellness attention is the about cosmopolitan experience of Travellers ; inequality in the handiness and usage of wellness services in relation to necessitate is in itself socially unfair and requires alleviation.20 The disaffection and favoritism experienced by Travellers is one of the most of import factors act uponing their wellness: the cardinal job for the Traveller population in this state is the ill will of the settled population .13 This ill will is expressed by all degrees of society and is apparently reinforced by consecutive authorities policies. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 late removed rights and introduced new punishments for going, therefore efficaciously outlawing their mobile manner of life.22 The experience of seeking to obtain wellness attention can be highly mortifying and rejecting. It increases emphasis and can do a potentially serious hold in having appropriate intervention. Travelers frequently lack information about services, partially because of literacy jobs. Many general practicians will non hold Travelers on their lists. A study in East London showed that 10 % of patterns would non accept them at all.23 Blatant bias about Travellers is obviously politically acceptable, although a similar policy about black patients would be treated as racial favoritism. Missed assignments are a frequent beginning of annoyance to wellness attention suppliers, but assignments might non be received when the household has no postal reference or has been forced to travel to another country. The state of affairs has worsened since the debut of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. Travelers are now moved on much more rapidly ( frequently merely by menace of enforcement ) , which adds to their jobs in maintaining medical assignments. Professionals are frequently loath to offer farther assignments even when the household want to go to. Travelers fear being detected excessively rapidly by governments because of the hazard of eviction, so the first contact with wellness workers may be when a kid has to be taken to the local infirmary. In some countries, where there are major troubles, a salaried general practician attack is now being piloted for Travelers and stateless people. The obvious advantages are that the general practician is freed from fiscal concerns in run intoing marks and can construct up a trusting relationship with the Traveller community. Normally, the salaried general practician will hold chosen to work with this group, as will the remainder of the primary attention squad, and hence be culturally sensitive and more readily understand their fortunes and concerns. Continuity of attention will be more likely because of the trust engendered. It is besides more likely that preventive services will be accepted because the surgery will be less likely to be seen as a crisis merely locale. Although it can be moderately argued that a Traveller specific service further reinforces the societal exclusion of Travellers, until primary attention services in general can more readily accommodate to Travelers on t heir lists there will be a continued benefit in proviso of salaried general practician services. Other obstructions to proviso of wellness attention include different cultural attitudes to precise day of the months ( including day of the months of birth ) and clip, and different perceptual experiences of unwellness and intervention. In a survey of Travellers perceptual experiences and experiences of wellness, the construct of clip figured often and was seen as an of import issue.24 Lack of entree to medical records affects continuity of attention, and the National Association of Health Workers with Travellers ( NAHWT ) is presently seeking authorities endorsing to launch and advance the usage of a national client held record for Travellers. As with other minorities, the first indispensable is knowledge, understanding, and credence of their civilization. This helps staff to get the better of the assorted obstructions to wellness attention and to cover with their ain aggravation about the sensed deficiency of conformance in the Traveller community.

Italian Nouns With Irregular Gender

Italian Nouns With Irregular Gender In Italian, grammatical gender, when referring to people and animals, is related to sex. However, this principle is not always observed. Three distinct examples include: la guardia (guard- usually a man), il soprano (a woman), laquila (eagle- male or female). Regarding things, the attribution of gender may seem unrelated with respect to meaning. For example, there is no logical reason for which il latte (milk) and il sale (salt) should be masculine (notably, in Venetian dialect both are feminine). To the contemporary Italian speaker the choice between masculine or feminine seems to be either totally arbitrary, or, in the case of derivative nouns, simply a matter of grammatical fact (e.g., nouns ending with the suffix -zione are feminine, while nouns ending with the suffix -mento are masculine). For todays speaker, a historical explanation does not count; the contemporary perspective must remain distinct from the diachronic (which concerns the evolution of language). Italian nouns, for the most part, retain their gender from the Latin. Nouns originally neutral in Latin usually became masculine. There have been some changes, though: from the Latin word folia, the neuter plural of folium, in Italian became foglia (leaf), feminine singular (because in Italian the ending -a, in the majority of cases, is feminine and singular). The conformity to this rule is also illustrated in the assignment of gender to foreign words used in Italian. That the assignment of gender is immaterial with respect to the inherent meaning of things is born out by a comparison between diverse languages, even though they are related to one another: Italian, French, and Spanish. Consider the following: Masculine in Italian / Feminine in French:il dente- la dent (tooth), il costume- la coutume (costume), il fiore- la fleur (flower), il mare- la mer (sea) Feminine in Italian / Masculine in French:la coppia- le couple (couple), la mescolanza- le mà ©lange (mixture), la sciabola- le sabre (saber) Masculine in Italian / Feminine in Spanish:il costume- la costumbre (costume), il fiore- la flor (flower), il latte- la leche (milk), il miele- la miel (honey), il sale- la sal (salt), il sangue- la sangre (blood) Feminine in Italian / Masculine in Spanish:la cometa- el cometa (comet), la domenica- el domingo (Sunday), lorigine- el origen (origin) English is much easier, since grammatical gender is not recognized except in rare cases. Conversely, German, much like Latin, also has the neuter gender. There are significant differences between the Italian and German with regard to gender; for instance il sole (the Sun) is feminine (die Sonne), while la luna (the Moon) is masculine (der Mond).

Evaporator Mass and Energy Balance, and Mechanical Design Essay

Evaporator Mass and Energy Balance, and Mechanical Design - Essay Example As the discussion outlines that evaporation is a plant operation used to concentrate a solution or a liquid of a nonvolatile solute and a volatile solvent, which many at times we use water. A portion of the solvent is vaporized to produce three products i.e. concentrated solution, slurry or thick and viscous liquid. Evaporation can be confused with drying but it differs from drying in that the residue is a flowing liquid instead of a sticky solid material. Evaporation on the other hand is different from distillation in that there is no deliberate attempt to separate the vapors into individual components.This essay highlights that evaporation is one of the most energy consuming processes within most industries including dairy, food and chemical industries, it is most essential that evaporation be approached in regard to economical energy utilization and effectiveness of the process. In addition, evaporator should be safe to operate and offer no negative environmental impact. It is pos sible to achieve the above when equipment manufacturer is able to offer a full selection of evaporation technology and systems developed to accommodate various product characteristics, the percent of concentration required, and regional energy costs.  Achieving control of most chemical/industrial evaporator systems is quite simple. However, with hygienic evaporators the control is somewhat more complicated due to the need to start up, operate, shut down and then clean at quite frequent intervals.... per P&ID Piping and Instrumentation Diagram PHA Preliminary Hazard Analysis PLC Programmable Logic Controller MP Main Product PNCB P-Nitro Chloro Benzene DFC Direct fixed cost Table of figures Figure 1: Multiple effect evaporation with thermo-compression Figure 2: Simplified flow diagram of Evaporator of pharmaceutical plant Figure 3: Relationship between evaporation ratio (e) and concentrations of Feed (Products) and concentrate (GEA 2012). Figure 4: counter-flow evaporative cooler Figure 5: The Process Flow diagram Figure 6: Engineering line diagram for the evaporator (GEA 2012) Contents Design Objective 2 Executive Summary 2 Glossary 3 Table of figures 5 Chapter 1: Introduction 7 Chapter 2: Process options and selection 9 Multiple effect evaporation: 11 Vapour recompression 11 Designs 12 15 Chapter 3: Plant mass and energy balances 15 Mass balance 17 Energy Balance 21 Chapter 4: Detailed design 26 Evaporator’s mechanical Design 26 Feed pump power consumption 27 The cooler a nd Cooling System 28 Chapter 5: Process Safety Considerations 32 Chapter 6: Environmental Impact Statement and Sustainability 33 Chapter 7: Economic Appraisal 35 Input Item 42 Quantity 42 Unit cost 42 Total 42 Acetic acid 42 584gal/h 42 - 42 - 42 Water 42 938hg/h 42 - 42 - 42 Paracetamol 42 2352Kg/h 42 - 42 - 42 Heating duty 42 6137938KJ/h 42 - 42 - 42 Cooling duty 42 345181KJ/h 42 - 42 - 42 Acetic Anhydride 42 - 42 - 42 Nitrobenzene 42 - 42 - 42 Output from the evaporator is mainly paracetamol 43 Products 43 Quantity 43 Unit sale 43 Total 43 Paracetamol 43 2352Kg/h 43 - 43 Chapter 8: Conclusion and Recommendations 45 Appendices 47 Appendix I: Engineering unit conversion 47 Appendix II: Nomenclature 48 Appendix III: HAZOP minutes 48 (Attach minutes) 48 References 49 Chapter 1: Introduction

Context and Truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Context and Truth - Essay Example It's also the interconnected circumstances in which something exists or happens. It has a major role to play in the sense that it can be as powerful as completely changing the meaning of the said or written to something totally opposite of what the original had been. Context can be categorized into several demographic classes; be it social or political. The thought is that context influences the means we comprehend the term. The truth in its actual meanings is the level of meaningfulness, fact relation, confirmation and level of sincerity. Wherever the 'truth' comes in, the result is either one will staunchly agree to it and will consider it a sin to question or challenge its credibility. But with the evident of the truth, there is also uproar by those who are doubtful about its existence. Either they completely reject the truth or they begin look for answers which makes them believe in that truth. A lot people argue on the truthfulness of something. What actually they are doing is that they are trying to match their desired answers with the ones they already have. This is merely in pursuit of getting ones' self correct in front of others. After all its human nature that one finds it difficult to accept failure. So to maintain one's self respect, to continue to feed one's ego and to fulfill the urge of being superior to others makes one argue on the truthfulness of something. Thus in this case the truth turns out to be something overloaded with certain facts that might have been related to the topic by someone in such a technical way that it looks as the truth in front of the claims placed by others (Taylor, 1998). This is a good way engineering any sort of communication to benefit ones' self and create a wining situation against the competing claims of anyone else. But during this competing what happens is that either the truth becomes distorted or it completely loses its originality. You can understand it by this that consider the truth to an elephant and you ask seven blind men, to touch and feel the elephant and then describe what an elephant looks like. The result will be that each of the seven blind men will think that only he knows what an elephant looks like and thus, only he knows what the truth is. To justify the existence of truth, another approach may be of finding out the best possible answer(s)! Many people will agree on this point. The fact, that though a lot of people know that what is the truth and are having its full availability and awareness. But still these people are in a constant search of truth, is based on the concept of finding what is best. People are in constant search of truth because knowing the truth about life, this world or this universe can give them satisfaction. It can help them in understanding themselves better. Its can help people become productive. It can help us to solve problems that we face in every phase of our life. Extending on the saying "survival of the fittest", the rule is very much applicable to the "Truth" as well. The truth therefore may be also based on an entity's nature, a certain phenomena or even someone else's experiences. This yields truth to be subjective to different aspects. However, this is not the actual case. The truth of any n' every thing is its correctness which can neither be judged by mere proofs nor can be measured on some scale. It is not the truth that