To Drill or Not to Drill

To drill or not to drill; I say not to drill. Americans need to not be dependant on any other person for their energy usage. We moved to this beautiful country to assert our independence and yet we feel we have to bow down to other countries for what we need. I feel we should find other ways to get our fuel like ethanol. We can make our own fuel and even if it cost more we no longer have to fight for our fuel. We can make our ethanol from corn husk and not the actual kernel so it would not interfere with the increase of food prices. To many people ethanol is the choice and I agree. There are other ways to get energy by solar and wind and water but they are not as popular and are more costly. Although, when used with the ethanol we can reduce greatly our dependence on other countries: which is what we should be doing. Solar energy is getting our energy from the sun. Solar powered businesses are one way we can help. Wind mills supply energy as well. Also, nuclear plants are another way to supply energy but it is not a popular way. I feel strongly against drilling for oil in Alaska and depleting our fossil fuels. Not only do we disturb nature and its inhabitants but we need to find a better way to supply our energy needs. I know I am being biased and I am unsure how to change my opinion to see the other side for I feel we as Americans run on greed so many times and jump into what we need now and do not look at what the effects will be farther in the future. I need to look more closely at both sides of the picture but right now the cost of fuel is so much Americans are having to choose between milk for their children or gasoline to get to work. Maybe more people should go back to horse and buggies or ride a bike to work.

Why Study Humanities

Allison Humanities-?is a study of human culture with a great emphasis of history and art; further broken down into disciplines as music, performing art, theatre, religion, and languages. It is a study of what people have created and accomplished over a vast period of time. Nowhere in the definition of humanities have I seen science or medicine as sub study to humanities; maybe because science existed before human beings, but they were privileged to uncover and reveal to the rest of the World the new scientific laws.However, studying Humanities I would consider science piece as well, because it is also another significant achievement of the intelligent species. Traveling is one of my favorite types of vacation. Every year I try to visit a different country or two. Summer of 2014 was packed with lots of new experiences, mixed emotions, new knowledge, and of course new perspectives of different cultures.This summer I had an opportunity to travel to Israel. There I visited places like De ad Sea, Red Sea, Tell Aviva, Cashed and Mediterranean Sea, drove through two historically important deserts, the Judea Desert and The Desert of Engel, and of course Jerusalem, the city most desired and finally visited and explored. Jerusalem, especially the Old City is a heritage of three different religions and a multitude of different nations.The place that I wanted to visit the most was the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, place that commemorates the hill where Jesus Christ was crucified and His tomb where He was buried. This site is controlled by The Greek Orthodox Church, but people from many different religious backgrounds visit the church. What I found absolutely amusing is that there are no descriptions inside the church of the exhibits. Only during my second visit to the church I realized that Goliath (the hill of crucifixion) was located inside the church.When I inquired about the reason why there are no descriptions, I was told that guides from different religious background s are telling their own story from their religious perspective, and give the exhibit their own cultural name. Another place that I totally fell in love with was The Mount of Olives. It is located outside of the Old City of Jerusalem. The Jewish tradition says that Jesus' second coming will be on The Mount of Olives and the resurrection of the dead will occur at that time, thus many Jews want to be buried on the mountain.From the top mountain the view to the humongous cemetery opens up that is a result of the traditional belief. Muslim heritage also believe that Jesus will return to The Mount of Olives and have buried there their best soldiers who would stop Jesus from coming when the resurrection of the dead occurs. The New Testament of the Bible also mentions The Mount of Olives as the place where Jesus cried for His people. Visiting Jerusalem was a dream off lifetime. I attempted to go there in 2004 for the Why Study Humanities Allison Humanities-?is a study of human culture with a great emphasis of history and art; further broken down into disciplines as music, performing art, theatre, religion, and languages. It is a study of what people have created and accomplished over a vast period of time. Nowhere in the definition of humanities have I seen science or medicine as sub study to humanities; maybe because science existed before human beings, but they were privileged to uncover and reveal to the rest of the World the new scientific laws.However, studying Humanities I would consider science piece as well, because it is also another significant achievement of the intelligent species. Traveling is one of my favorite types of vacation. Every year I try to visit a different country or two. Summer of 2014 was packed with lots of new experiences, mixed emotions, new knowledge, and of course new perspectives of different cultures.This summer I had an opportunity to travel to Israel. There I visited places like De ad Sea, Red Sea, Tell Aviva, Cashed and Mediterranean Sea, drove through two historically important deserts, the Judea Desert and The Desert of Engel, and of course Jerusalem, the city most desired and finally visited and explored. Jerusalem, especially the Old City is a heritage of three different religions and a multitude of different nations.The place that I wanted to visit the most was the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, place that commemorates the hill where Jesus Christ was crucified and His tomb where He was buried. This site is controlled by The Greek Orthodox Church, but people from many different religious backgrounds visit the church. What I found absolutely amusing is that there are no descriptions inside the church of the exhibits. Only during my second visit to the church I realized that Goliath (the hill of crucifixion) was located inside the church.When I inquired about the reason why there are no descriptions, I was told that guides from different religious background s are telling their own story from their religious perspective, and give the exhibit their own cultural name. Another place that I totally fell in love with was The Mount of Olives. It is located outside of the Old City of Jerusalem. The Jewish tradition says that Jesus' second coming will be on The Mount of Olives and the resurrection of the dead will occur at that time, thus many Jews want to be buried on the mountain.From the top mountain the view to the humongous cemetery opens up that is a result of the traditional belief. Muslim heritage also believe that Jesus will return to The Mount of Olives and have buried there their best soldiers who would stop Jesus from coming when the resurrection of the dead occurs. The New Testament of the Bible also mentions The Mount of Olives as the place where Jesus cried for His people. Visiting Jerusalem was a dream off lifetime. I attempted to go there in 2004 for the

Small-Business Idea Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Small-Business Idea Paper - Essay Example Advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorship Sole proprietorship is the most popular and the longest practiced form of business organization. Some of its advantages are the ease with which it can be established and the ease with which it can be wound up. The processes are cheap, and are free from legal formalities because only establishing a business requires registration of business name and work permit. The proprietor is entitled to all profits from the business and this motivates efforts for a successful venture. Pride in the proprietorship’s success is another advantage of the form of business organization and acts as an incentive among sole proprietors. This further facilitates healthy competition among players in the form of business organization and has positive impacts on macroeconomic aspects such as gross productivity level of an economy. Simple approach to tax that treats business revenue as the proprietor’s income, is another advantage because of the low tax rates and ease of filing tax returns. The form of business is also flexible because the proprietor is the boss. Ease of decision making due to lack of formal or moral obligations for consultations is another advantage (Pride, Hunges and Kapoor, 2011). Despite the many advantages, sole proprietorship has many disadvantages. The business has unlimited liabilities and this means that the proprietor’s personal resources can be seized to settle business’ debts. The enterprise’s life is also limited to that of the proprietor and capital base are limited because of lack of sufficient security for accessing capital. The owner also suffers all the losses and this may be significant to affect sustainability (Pride, Hunges and Kapoor, 2011). Types of financial statements for each form of business organization Financial statements for a sole proprietorship form of business are income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and statement of owner’s equi ty. Income statement outlines costs and expenditure in the merchandise processes towards determination of net profit. Statement of owner’s equity traces, and accounts for, a business’ accumulated capital while the balance sheet offers an account of the business’ financial position by accounting for the assets and their sources. The statement of cash flow accounts for cash receipts and payments within an accounting period. The financial statements also apply to other forms of business organizations but their contents vary in complexity. Accounting for partnerships however includes partnership account besides these (Warren, Reeve and Duchac, 2011). Consequences of tax and legal implications Different legal and tax provisions apply to the different forms of business organization. Sole proprietorship is not subject to legal requirements and its taxes are treated as the proprietor’s personal income. Partnerships are subject to legal requirements such as regist ration of official business name, if the business does not operate under partners’ names, and subjection to formal documents such as article of association, memorandum of association. Partnerships’

Justification Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Justification Report - Essay Example The TANF is a block grand designed to assist the needy families and child care in their own families, promoting job preparation and reducing the dependency of needy parents and promoting pregnancies and reducing pregnancies out of wedlock thereby encouraging the two parent families (Kean, 2000).Lately there have been complaints about the grant by those who benefit and other stakeholders, this complaint is based on the time period that the grant takes in helping the needy individuals. This was majorly raised and observed by those who received the grants in terms of money for their livelihood.This research is based on the level of satisfaction of the grant and the extent to which the beneficiaries are satisfied with its programs. It also gives the stakeholders an opportunity to give their opinions on what should be done to improve the operation and the satisfaction of the grant. The challenges that the grant is facing as a whole were also investigated. The method of data analysis was t hrough observation and use of questionnaires. The questionnaires were appropriate by providing the general view through the closed ended questions (Corcoran, 2011) and gave the opportunity for further expression by the open ended questions. The results were analysed by the bar graphs for ease of interpretation.Since the grant comes in different forms, those who found the privilege to be trained found it easy to improve their lifestyles by obtaining jobs and sustaining their institutions with their career even after the granting period.

History of Environmental Education and Environmental Policies Essay

History of Environmental Education and Environmental Policies - Essay Example Today, an Environmental Education includes not only the technical impact that technology has presented, but also the responsibility that industry and individuals have in their approach to maintaining a sustainable geography that is productive as well as healthy. Modern attitudes towards an Environmental Education have been the result of an evolution in thinking towards the environment that has spanned the last two and a half centuries. Environmental Education traces its roots back to 1762 and the publication of Emile, a novel on educational philosophy that argued that education should focus on the environment (McRea). Wilbur Jackman's 1891 publication of Nature Study for the Common School initiated the Nature Study Movement that was pioneered by the American Nature Study Society headed by the naturalist Liberty Hyde Bailey (McRea). A greater environmental awareness was fostered in the United States by the Romantic Nature Movement and the Progressive Education Movement led by John Dewey (Haskin). In essence, "Environmental education did not spring forth fully formed from any one discipline, but rather as a product of a co-evolutionary process within science, public awareness of environmental issues, and educational ideas" (Haskin). The Dust Bowl of the 1930s was accompanied by an even greater awareness of our environment and the need for conservation and sustainability. The movement towards toda... Movement was spearheaded by Aldo Leopold, a Wisconsin educator that advocated an "an approach to science that merged environmental thinking, science and life practice" (Haskin). This thinking led to the first college degree in conservation at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point in 1946 and the coining of the phrase 'environmental education' by Thomas Pritchard, Deputy Directory of the Nature Conservancy, at a meeting of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature in Paris in 1948 (McRea). The next decade would see a greater public awareness of nature and the natural surroundings and a call for increased sensitivity and responsibility in our actions that affect our world's environment. These attitudes were brought into greater focus by the 1962 publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, a critical review of the devastating effects that man and technology can have on the environment (Haskin). The modern environmental movement had been born and the first Earth Day in 1970 can be considered the birth of the modern national policies on Environmental Education, as well as environmental law and policy. Since the 1970s, environmental education has been addressed in the US and around the world based on a few basic principles. 1977 marked the world's first intergovernmental conference on environmental education held at Tbilisi, in the former Soviet republic of Georgia (Archie and McRea). The conference set forth five broad objectives for environmental education that the EPA agreed to and continues to support. These five principles are (1) Awareness and sensitivity to the environment and environmental challenges; (2) Knowledge and understanding of the environment and environmental challenges; (3) Attitudes of concern for the environment and motivation to

Work Design Roles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Work Design Roles - Assignment Example Processes used in this regard by the Human Resource Managers include selection, development and the rewarding process which together form the key elements of an HRM cycle. However, one process that is closely related to all these key elements in the process of Job/Work design. Work Design can be defined as the process of specification of the responsibilities, methods as well as relationships of jobs in order to meet the technological and organizational requirements of a business organization as well as the personal requirement of job holders. It is important for Human Resource manager to understand the importance of work design in order to understand the effect that a particular role can have on the employee and on the organization. This report attempts to provide an understanding of how important is work design for employees, by detailing and differentiating between the roles of a Bookstore Manager and an LGV Lorry Driver (Barrett & Mayson, 2008). Human Resource managers use a number of approaches for work design within any organization. One of most commonly used approach is of Socio-Economic Theory. It specifies four basic principles, which according to its authors contribute majorly toward the optimum design of any role. These principles are Responsible autonomy, Adaptability, Whole Tasks and Meaningful Tasks. In the following lines, work design of a bookstore manager and an LGV Lorry driver are differentiated based on these principles (Miner, 2002). The position of bookstore manager is considered a senior position among management-level employees. This is because not only the store manager is responsible for the financial performance of the store, he/she is also responsible for developing and leading a team of employees that work at the store as well. Hence, this position not only requires significant management skills but also require leadership skills.  

Computer Crimes in the USA Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Computer Crimes in the USA - Article Example   The current legal frameworks, particularly in Asia, Africa, and Latin America are also not apt to handle cyber crimes. Until date, the primary thrust of R&D in information technology has been to promote and facilitate e-commerce, rather than to come out with means to discourage cyber crimes (Prosise & Mandia, 2001). In the absence of such intimidating technological deterrents, computer crimes are thriving and proliferating like never before. Phishing, cyberstalking, identity thefts, hacking, computer viruses, and child pornography are some of the most rampant versions of cyber crimes. Computer crimes have turned out to be an obnoxious menace, both within the United States and around the world. As per the credible statistics available for the year 2008, a majority of the cybercriminals have their base within the United States (Consumer Fraud Reporting, 2009). The prime reason for this being that the US has the highest number of internet users in the world. The United Kingdom commanded the second spot, with 10.5 percent of the total computer crimes affiliated to it (Consumer Fraud Reporting, 2009). Other major countries, which are home to a large section of the international cybercriminals, are Nigeria, Romania, the Netherlands and China (Consumer Fraud Reporting, 2009). While identity theft and Phishing happen to be the forte of the US-based criminals, Nigeria mainly abounds in fake online lotteries and money transfers (Consumer Fraud Reporting, 2009).

Effective Mentoring and Coaching Reflection Essay

Effective Mentoring and Coaching Reflection - Essay Example Integrity, honesty, and ethics are important in any coaching and mentoring process. Upholding these virtues help to create confidence, and trust between the mentors and the mentee and this promotes mutual relationships that allow the process to be successful. It allows the mentors to express their weakness as well as strengths without any coercion and this enables the mentoring process to fair on well. Many of the participants further expressed the need for the mentor to be of high integrity to help boost on the mentorship relationship. Many of the teachers indicated that passion was very crucial in the process of mentorship. Passion enables mentors to be committed in the entire process of mentoring and therefore, inculcates the same virtue to the mentee that will often associate this with the already developed qualities. However, a group of teachers was the idea that passion should be sparingly expressed while other seemed to think that it was imperative that the passion is totally expressed. To ensure effective mentoring, the passions of the mentors or coaches is salient and therefore, it is important that this is illustrated in the mentoring process in order to trigger positive change in behavior and stimulate or ensure full engagement and improvement in achievement.There was a conflicting opinion on the question on whether the mentor or coach is supposed to learn from the mentoring process. Mixed reactions were elicited with one teacher who held to the opinion that, a mentor.... Mixed reactions were elicited with one teacher who held to the opinion that, a mentor or a coach should learn from outside sources before mentoring others. This is a way to ensure that the learners are confident in the process. The mentor should also be well informed on what to mentor to ensure that the process is successful. The mentee expects the mentor to teach new things and therefore, the mentor needs to be abreast with facts. On the other hand, other teachers were of the contrary opinion and argued that, the open process of mentoring was the best approach because it allowed the mentor to learn from the process. This is because, there are different circumstances and situations and therefore, such situations help the mentor to gain more skills and knowledge. Furthermore, they contend that, research materials on mentorship was only a guide that mentors use and therefore they are just mere guidelines to direct the mentor on the best practices during mentorship. For development of a ppropriate mentorship skills, it is appropriate for understanding of the mentee and the environment in which the process of mentoring is taking place. Furthermore, the mentor should show commitment on any assigned role that many arise from the process. This facilitated acquisition of same characteristics in the mentored parties and promoted effectiveness of the mentoring and coaching process. A mentor is required to focus on problem solving and empowering other people by assigning duties. They were of the opinion that transformation needs to be adopted to ensure that skills are transferred appropriately. However, to achieve this, understanding of both reformation and transformational processes is

The Methodology ( primary and secondary research Data Analysis) - Assignment

The Methodology ( primary and secondary research Data Analysis) - Integrated industry project ( Benefits of Training and Development on employees and managers in ( Court - in UAE ) part 3 (Primary and - Assignment Example is expected that such officers must be at their very best in terms of their skills, acumen and ability to dispense fair and objective determinations or rulings. This is the reason as to why the court officers usually go for training and development programme so to improve their overall body of knowledge and skills. In retrospect, the employees of a Court in United Arab Emirates must also partake and share in the accumulation of knowledge accordingly. It is important to note and mention that the training and development endeavors and programme cannot be done in a blanket form. Instead, it would be done in a systematic approach and manner which would ensure that the training and development program meets the intended and desirable outcome in the long end (Al-Hamadi, Budhwar & Shipton, 2007, p. 101). This is to mention and imply that the training and development must be done in a way and manner that will target the right number of employees while at the same time give the employees the most relevant and articulate training possible. Tentatively, it is critical to align the training and development of the United Arab Emirates Court officials in a quantitative and qualitative manner. This is to imply that the crucial number of employees will be targeted while the most relevant and important form of training is given to them. A hypothetical case and example is such that the court clerks who usually take notes and record the court proceeding would be given trainings on how to use laptops and other modern electronic gadgets so as to help them type faster. Similarly the employees who are maintain the files may be trained and enlightened on safer method of record keeping using computer other than files and papers. In order to launch the training and development if the United Arabs Emirates Court officials, it is imperative and imperious to get the input of the people whose lives are directly linked to the courts or the form of trainings that would be used. The primary

Mathematics in Our World Essay Example for Free

Mathematics in Our World Essay This is a type of service offered by financial firms such as credit unions, banks, savings and loans firms. Advantages It enables people to withdraw their money from a federally protected account. While banks vary as regards terms of check accounts, it has another advantage that holders of checking accounts pay debts with personal checks as substitute for cash. Further, holders can use automated teller machine cards or electronic debit cards to make withdrawal or access individual accounts (Marce, 2009). Therefore this will be a choice if the money is needed to be spent on regular basis. This lies in the fact that with $1000, there is no accruing interest on deposited funds. The other disadvantage is that a penalty is applied if one falls below a minimum. One may also be charged fee depending on the policy of the bank. SECTION B Money market account is similar to regular savings account. It is a form of savings offered by credit union (Baztelsmit, 2007). The difference lies in the fact that on the contrary, they give opportunity for only 3-6 withdrawal in a month and they also offer great interest rates. Its advantage over checking account is that interest is earned on funds deposited. Also, one can write up to 3 checks in a month in money market account. Disadvantages Their minimum balance requirements are higher and can be up to $1500 $2500. The other disadvantage lies in that there is no guarantee return. The expected amount to be earned is not guaranteed and possibility of losing money in such account exists in rare case (Marce, 2009). SECTION C The Passbook This is good especially for investors who don’t need monthly statement and transact infrequently. This form of investment means is a midway option used by some individuals. Advantages Passbooks are updated with information from time to time. It is a liquid account in that fund is readily available and accessible to holders just like in checking account, although, unlike checking accounts, interest here is nominal and small (Baztelsmit, 2007). Disadvantage Deposited money could earn a higher return. SECTION D Certificate of Deposit This is a financial product usually offered to investors by credit unions, banks and thrift institutions. Advantage Banks offer a fixed interest rate having agreed to lock certain funds for a set period of time. Interest rate also increases with increasing period of time the money is locked which varies and can be between a month and ten years. Another advantage is that CDs are insured by FDIC for banks or by NCGA for credit unions and are almost risk-free (Marce, 2009). Disadvantage A major disadvantage of CD is that it’s not a good option if the money to be invested will be needed anytime as withdrawal of money before maturity date attracts heavy penalty. The type of account I have chosen and why I have chosen that account Considering the fact that I have $1000 to invest, the best option for me to invest would probably be the Certificate of Deposits. My reason for this is that I have committed the amount for long term investment and do not need to withdraw funds constantly. It gives me the best and highest return on my investment over the shortest possible period of time (Baztelsmit, 2007). If I had needed to withdraw money frequently, money market would have been my choice account. Furthermore, certain bank allow further investment to be made on this principal fund over time and in this way are a mirror image of savings account and so allows me to deposit additional money. References Marce, (2009). What is Certificate of Deposit? Retrieved on August 7, 2010 from. Baztelsmit (2007). Managing your cash and savings: Case management strategy. Retrieved in August 7, 2010 from www. willey. com.

Law Essays Legal ownership vested in trustees must be balanced by identifiable equitable ownership

Law Essays Legal ownership vested in trustees must be balanced by identifiable equitable ownership Legal ownership vested in trustees must be balanced by identifiable equitable ownership. Critically discuss this statement and the difficulties inherent in it in relation to the interests of beneficiaries under discretionary trusts. What is the practical importance of determining where the beneficial interest lies in discretionary trusts? The trust is a creature of equity. It has been described as â€Å"the paradigm case of equity’s interference with common law rights in pursuit of justice.† The trust imposes obligations on the legal owner of particular property to hold that property for the benefit of others. Thus the opening quotation can be said to identify one of the basic tenets of trust law in England and Wales. The trust has developed over the centuries in England to incorporate various types. One such type is the so-called discretionary trust. However, arguably disparity exists between the need to establish identifiable, beneficial or equitable ownership, and a discretionary trust which, by its nature, evades such identification. A contrast is seen between the discretionary trust and the fixed trust; although both are types of express trust. Under a fixed trust, the beneficial interests are just that: fixed. Thus the share of the trust property to which the beneficiary is to receive is ‘fixed’ into the trust instrument. However with a discretionary trust, the trustee, in whom legal ownership vests, has a dispositive discretion. Thus under a fixed trust, the trustee must dispose of the trust property in accordance with the terms of the trust; whereas under a discretionary trust he may have discretion as to the precise value of the beneficiaries’ entitlement, or even if they are to receive anything at all. An example of such a dispositive discretion is where a trust is established for a group of beneficiaries â€Å"in such portions as the trustee shall in their absolute discretion see fit†. It is a fixed trusts’ rigidity which seemingly underpins the subsequent reasoning behind the discretionary trust. A fixed trust may become outmoded or outdated due to changing circumstances; whereas a trustee under a discretionary trust can respond appropriately to these changing circumstances by applying his discretion accordingly to the situation. A beneficiary may, for example in the light of his allotted share, decide to forego education or employment and live off the trust property; the so-called â€Å"trustafarian†. Under a discretionary trust the trustee would have the power to temporarily sever that beneficiary from the trust property as an incentive to become more self reliant. To take a further example from the common law, the seminal case of McPhail v Doulton (1971) saw Mr Baden establish a trust for the benefit of the staff of his company, their relatives and dependents. He granted â€Å"absolute discretion† to the trustees to distribute the trust fun d as they saw fit. By 1971, the trust fund had increased significantly, as had the size of the class of potential beneficiaries (the employees alone numbered 1300 in 1941). The nature of the trust was flexible enough to allow the trustees to select which members of the intended class should benefit. An interesting aspect of the discretionary trust, and a pertinent one to the opening quotation, is that no individual who is part of the class of possible beneficiaries, has any equitable title to or interest in the trust property until such time as the trustee exercises his discretion in that individual’s favour. It is also important to note that despite the discretion granted to the trustee, this does not equate to him having ‘free rein’ to do whatever he wishes with the trust property.He will still be limited by the terms of the trust, and remains under a fiduciary obligation to carry out these terms. Again, McPhail v Doulton is significant here, as the House of Lords in that case held that the trustees, despite their â€Å"absolute discretion† to select the beneficiaries, were not at liberty to refuse to carry out the trust. However this does not arguably make it any easier to reconcile the discretionary trust with the opening quotation; rather it highl ights the limits of the trustee’s dispositive discretion. To compare the discretionary trust to the fixed trust and the power of appointment is instructive:no proprietary interest in the fund exists with the objects of a power, unless an appointment is made in their favour. Under a fixed trust, the beneficiaries have an identifiable equitable title to the property: the subject of the trust. However with a discretionary trustit has been suggested that beneficiaries have a â€Å"quasi-proprietary† right;that is that the class of beneficiaries as a whole can be seen to have a collective proprietary entitlement to the fund, although individual members of the class cannot claim individual proprietary entitlement. This was highlighted in Gartside v IRC(1968) when Lord Reid stated that â€Å"†¦you cannot tell what any one of the beneficiaries will receive until the trustees have exercised their discretion.† An important principle in trust law generally is that identified in the case of Saunders v Vautier (1841). Briefly, this principle states that a beneficiary who has an absolute interest under a trust, and who is sui juris (that is, of full age and sound mind) is entitled, at any time, to call on the trustee to transfer the legal title to the trust property in which the beneficiary holds that interest to him. The operation of this principle under a fixed trust is quite straightforward, as the beneficiary’s equitable entitlement will be easily ascertainable. How does it apply to discretionary trusts where the interest is not so easily identifiable? This issue was considered by Romer J in the case of Re Smith (1928). With reference to the earlier case of Re Nelson(1918), Romer J stated that under a discretionary trust where there are two ‘objects’ (the term applied to possible beneficiaries under a discretionary trust), â€Å"..You treat all the people put together just as though they formed one person, for whose benefit the trustees were directed to apply the whole fund.† So essentially, Romer J meant thatthe beneficiaries may, acting together as one, require the trustees to transfer the trust property to them as co-owners. However, perhaps the Saunders v Vautier principle is not entirely applicable to discretionary trusts; namely because the beneficiaries are not treated as having a vested interest in the trust property. Only after the beneficiaries, acting as one, have demanded the transfer of the trust property using the Vautier principle, do they acquire their indefeasible interests in the trust property. This was established in Vestey v IRC (No 2) (1979), but had already been considered by Lord Reid in Gartside v IRC (1968). Here Lord Reid stated that the individual interests of the objects of a discretionary trust are actually in competition with each other until such times as the each object has his own individual right to retain whatever income is appointed to him. To return to the rights of objects of discretionary trusts, how can they enforce a possible interest if that interest is not ascertainable because the trustee has not exercised his discretion? It is well established that objects of discretionary trusts have locus standi to sue trustees in order to enforce the trust. It is, however, difficult to control trustees in exercising their discretions. Trustees are under a duty to survey the range of objects, or the members of the class of potential recipients. Lord Wilberforce considered this matter in McPhail v Doulton, stating that â€Å"†¦Any trustee†¦would surely make it his duty to know what is the permissible area of selection and then consider responsibly, in individual cases, whether a contemplated beneficiary was within the power, and whether, in relation to other possible claimants, a particular grant was appropriate†. Thus the rights and interests of objects of a discretionary trust have caused considerable academ ic debate. Commentators such as Harris have suggested that under a discretionary trust, the trustees â€Å"appear† to be the legal owners, subject to the equitable rights of enforcement of the beneficiaries (as the objects will then become). If necessary, the courts will construe the terms of the trust to determine the boundaries of the trustee’s discretion. In Gisborne v Gisborne, the trustee had been granted an â€Å"uncontrollable authority† by the trust instrument. When the beneficiary received less of the trust property than she had hoped for, the court did not intervene because the trustee had acted within his authority as granted by the trust instrument. In addition, the discretion shown by the trustee must be exercised in good faith, and in the best interests of the objects or beneficiaries. Thus while this does not aid in establishing the beneficial interest, it does provide a crucial limit on a trustee’s discretion. An interesting development in recent years in the area of the validity of a trustee’s discretion is the application of the Wednesbury principle, which was established in the case of Associated Provincial Picture House Limited v Wednesbury Corporation (1948). This was applied in Edge v Pensions Ombudsman (1998), in which it was established that a court should not interfere unless the trustee took into account â€Å"improper, irrelevant or irrational considerations†. Again, although this provides a useful limit to the unfettered discretion of a trustee, it does not necessarily assist in identifying the beneficial interest to counterbalance the legal interest vested in the trustee. A discussion of the beneficial interest under a discretionary trust must consider the important distinction between a trust and a power. As Martin simply puts it, â€Å"trusts are imperative; powers are discretionary.† That is to say the trustees are obliged to carry out their duties under the trust, whereas donees under a power may or may not exercise the power as they see fit. This highlights the essential problem with the opening quotation’s applicability to discretionary trusts, even though the beneficiaries as a whole, or as one, own the interest to equitable title in the trust property, and can even compel the trustees to transfer the legal title to them under the principle in Saunders v Vautiers (1841). This approach was subsequently adopted by Romer J in the Court of Appeal in Re Smith (1928), in which he said that the principle should be to â€Å"treat all the people put together just as though they formed one person, for whose benefit the trustees were direct ed to apply the whole of a particular fund.† The beneficiaries cannot demand payment under a discretionary trust as they would be able to under a fixed trust, because there is no identifiable value to which the beneficiary is entitled until the trustee exercises his discretion. The beneficiaries can, however, compel the trustee to consider what he will do, although they cannot compel him to distribute. This was established in McPhail v Doulton, and also demonstrates where the distinction between a discretionary trust and a power exists: under the latter there is no such duty on the donee to make an appointment. McPhail v Doulton was also significant because of Lord Wilberforce’s criticisms of the rule set out in IRC v Broadway Cottages Trust (1955) in relation to the validity of discretionary trusts. That rule, he stated, ought to be discarded, and the new test ought to be â€Å"that the trust is valid if it can be said with certainty that any given individual is or is not a member of the class† (at 456). The test in IRC v Broadway Cottages Trust was known as the â€Å"complete list† test, and suggested that a discretionary trust would fail for lack of certainty of objects if a â€Å"complete list† of the potential beneficiaries could not be drawn up. Lord Wilberforce’s criticisms focused on the fact that this was only really appropriate where the discretionary trust was a â€Å"family-style† trust under which the class of potential beneficiaries was small, and was inappropriate given the changing social functions of the discretionary trust. In McPh ail v Doulton, however, as Lord Wilberforce identified, this test was simply unworkable, since that case would have demanded a complete list be drawn up of all employees, ex-employees, relatives and dependents. This highlights the administrative difficulties of the original test. As amended by Lord Wilberforce, however, the test becomes more manageable. Harris has described McPhail v Doulton as a watershed in the law in this area. This was largely because of its effect on the existing law as set down in IRC v Broadway Cottages Trust, which stated that to be valid, a discretionary trust had to specify an ascertainable class of cestuis que trust. As Harris argues, this was a welcome development as many judgments, applying the previously existing law, had expressed regret as to the position of the law on policy grounds. An example of this is in the Broadway Cottages case itself, in which Jenkins LJ admitted that the rule was contrary to common sense. What other factors contribute to the practical importance of establishing where the beneficial ownership lies in discretionary trusts? Under the complete list test, the beneficial ownership would necessarily be shared equally by the entire class of beneficiaries in the event that the trustee defaulted in his duty. Lord Wilberforce also addressed this issue in McPhail v Doulton. â€Å"Equal division is surely the last thing the settlor ever intended: equal division among all probably would produce a result beneficial to none†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (at 451). As Gardner points out, this recognised the evolution of the social function of the discretionary trust to enable property owners to â€Å"confer benefits on deserving cases amongst large constituencies – in the same sort of way as charitable trusts.† Where the beneficial ownership lies in discretionary trusts is also important in the context of â€Å"administrative unworkability†, another concept to arise out of McPhai l v Doulton. This applies to situations where, again in the words of Lord Wilberforce, â€Å"the meaning of the words used is clear but the definition of the beneficiaries is so wide as to not form â€Å"anything like a class† so that the trust is administratively unworkable†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (at 457). Lord Reid’s comment in Gartside v IRC noted above perhaps gives the best illustration of the position of discretionary beneficiaries in relation to identifiable beneficial interest in the trust property. He stated that â€Å"two or more persons, cannot have a single right unless they hold it jointly or in common. But clearly the objects of a discretionary trust do not have that: they have individual rights, they are in competition with each other and what the trustees give to one is his alone.† The same principle was applied in Re Weir’s Settlement (1969) and Sainsbury v IRC (1970). The difficulties of applying the principle outlined in the opening quotation to discretionary trusts have been considered. Fundamentally it is problematic because the whole purpose of a discretionary trust is to allow the trustee to use his discretion to assign a value of the trust property to a particular beneficiary. Although the class of potential beneficiaries as a whole own the beneficial interest, arguably there is no way of identifying the individual shares until the trustee has exercised his discretion. Even this assertion is contentious, however, as Pettitt, for example, has argued that the beneficial interest under a discretionary trust remains â€Å"in suspense† until the trustees exercise their discretion. The more significant right of the members of the class of beneficiaries is the right to be considered as a potential recipient from the fund by the trustees. This was highlighted by Lord Wilberforce in IRC v Gartside (at 606). Furthermore, the members have the ri ght to have the trustees use their discretion â€Å"bona fides†, â€Å"fairly†, â€Å"reasonably† and â€Å"properly†. This falls some way short of the rights of a beneficiary under a fixed trust, and again, highlights the fundamental problem with the application of the opening statement to the operation of discretionary trusts. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cases Associated Provincial Picture House Limitd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 Burrough v Philcox (1840) 5 My CR 72 Edge v Pensions Ombudsman (1998) Gartside v IRC [1968] AC 553 Gisborne v Gisborne (1877) 2 App Cas 300 IRC v Broadway Cottages Trust [1955] Ch 20 McPhail v Doulton [1971] AC 424 Re Gulbenkian’s Settlement [1970] Ch 408 Re Nelson, ex parter Dare and Dolphin [1918] 1 KB 459 Re Smith, Public Trustee v Aspinall [1928] Ch 915 Re Trafford’s Settlement [1985] Ch 32 Re Weir’s Settlement [1969] 1 Ch 657 Sainsbury v IRC [1970] Ch 712 Saunders v Vautier (1841) 4 Beav 114 Vestey v IRC (No 2) [1979] Ch 198 Secondary sources Gardner, S (2003) An Introduction to the Law of Trusts, 3rd Edition (Oxford: Clarenden) Harris, J. (1971) ‘Trust, Power or Duty’, 87 Law Quarterly Review 31 Harris, J. (1970) ‘Discretionary Trusts, an End and a Beginning’, Modern Law Review, 33, 6 Hudsdon, A. (2007) Equity and Trusts, 5th Edition (London: Routledge) Martin, J.E. (2001) Hanbury and Martin – Modern Equity, 16th Edition (London: Sweet Maxwell) Pearce, R. and Stevens, J. (2006) The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations, 4th Edition (Oxford: OUP) Penner, J.E. (2004) The Law of Trusts, 4th Edition (London: LexisNexis) Pettit, P.H. (2001) Equity and the Law of Trusts, 9th Edition (Oxford: OUP) Watt, G. (2007) Todd and Watts Cases and Materials on Equity and Trusts, 6th Edition (Oxford: OUP)

Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Huckleberry Finn There may never be another novel written quite like Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn. It combines adventure, suspense and comedy to create a most accurate account of the times. Huckleberry Finn warms the heart of the reader by placing an ignorant white boy by the name of Huckleberry Finn in some strange situations, having him tell his remarkable story the way it streams into his own eyes. Huckleberry Finn is nearly always confused on account of so many different kinds of people having such different impressions upon him; he turns to his own heart and intelligence for guidance. Huckleberry Finn has a heart of gold, and grows as a person throughout the story. Huckleberry Finn's setting jumps around to a number of different places. The beginning takes place in St. Petersburg, Missouri in around the 1840s, before the Civil War. Huckleberry lived in a very "sivilized" household; a rather prosperous one as well, with the Widow Douglas. It was a time of slavery, though throughout the entire novel there was very little said to put down African Americans. The characters in the book, as many as there were, were all created by Twain to respect and acknowledge the decency in their slaves. There are two main characters in Huckleberry Finn: Huckleberry Finn, and Jim, a runaway slave. Huckleberry Finn finds himself torn between his own judgement of helping Jim escape, and the people around him who support slavery in it's entirety. He is in a bad and dangerous situation while with Jim, because anyone might possibly think Jim a runaway "nigger" and turn him back in for the reward of cash, as well as clout for being honest. But Huck is a very bright and creative young man, and uses his intelligence to both his and Jim's advantages in order to save their lives, on more than one occasion. He is quite brilliant under pressure, as when encountered by two men looking for runaway "niggers". The men inquired about who else was with Huck. The men threatened to come closer and see, and Huck replied, "I wish you would, because it's pap that's there, and maybe you'd help me tow the raft ashore...He's sick..." and Huck let on that he needed the men's help, and that hi s "pap" was awful ill, and soon enough the men hollered, "Keep away, boy. Confound it, I just expected the wind has blown it to us.

The Life of Frederick Douglass Essay -- Slaves Slavery American Histor

The Life of Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass brilliantly intelligent and defiant once led a minor insurrection against his masters and escapes his venture alive. Douglass’s career as a militant, uncompromising leader of the American Negro. A fugitive slave who was taught to read by his slave mistress, and who as an ex-slave, became the most famous and articulate rebuke to the monstrous institution of slavery ever to speak or to write in America. In autumn of 1828, Frederick Douglass began his new life as a freeman in the old whaling city of New Bedford, Massachusetts. Ambition, sensitivity, and a high degree of self-consciousness created in the young slave Douglass an unquenchable thirst for freedom and he became what every slave master feared, a smart and uppity Negro who would be content with nothing less than his freedom. A first attempt at escape ended in failure and with time in jail. The second attempt, however, was successful. He fled to New York City, where he married a free Negro woman with whom he moved to New Bedford. He was to date his freedom form September 3, 1838. Douglas relentless exposure of the moral ambiguity of a Christian civilization which was built upon the gross inhumanity of chattel slavery. The White Christian South saw no such moral ambiguity. In fact, they read the Bible as a justification of their way of life, and resented bitterly the charge of northerners that they were un-Christian and immoral because of their support of slavery. They delighted in pointing out that nowhere in scripture is slavery condemned, and they even suggested that slavery was a form of evangelism without which the poor ignorant heirs of Africa would never have heard of the gospel and thus would be unable to know the joys of heaven. Christianity stands against everything which is represented in a culture that makes peace with oppression on this subject there can be neither apology nor compromise. With new found wealth purchased his freedom, a controversial more objected to by certain of the abolitionist who regarded the purchase of liberty as recognition of the legitimacy of bondage. The term of the slave code: a piece of property, a beast of burden, chattel personal. Slavery was a poor school for the human intellect and heart. By the slave code, they are adjudged to be as incompetent to testify against a white man, as... ...ility to manage slaves, to whip, alarm their fears a strike terror. Look word motion mistake accident want of powers all matters for which a slave may be whipped at anytime. Minds had been starved by their cruel masters. Been shut up in mental darkness. To make a contented slave, it is necessary to make a thoughtless one. It is necessary to darken his moral and mental vision and as far as possible, to annihilate the power of reason. He must be able to detect no inconsistencies in slavery; he must be made to feel that slavery is right; and he can be brought to that only when deceases to be a man. The motto which I adopted when I started from slavery was this trusts no man. I saw in every white man an enemy and in almost every colored man cause for distrust. Douglass changed his surname to conceal his identity after escaping slavery in 1838. Life in the city was a turning point in Douglass life. It was there he learned how to read. Douglass later wrote that literacy was his pathway from slavery to freedom. Douglass made an unsuccessful attempt to escape slavery. In 1838 Douglass posing as a freedman sailor successfully escaped to Philadelphia and then to New York.

Essay --

X can be seen as high on the openness scale. â€Å"The personality dimension that includes imagination, wit, originality, and creativity; people low on this dimension are shallow, plain and simple† (Friedman). X was very musically talented, having been acknowledged as the â€Å"King of Pop† by Elizabeth Taylor. (Interview with Oprah Part 2) In 1982, he produced the best-selling album of all time, Thriller. He is exceptionally imaginative as he wants to â€Å"bring out the child in everyone.† He constructed the Neverland Ranch which is equipped with candy, magic shows, carnival rides, and film. X worked with the Make a Wish Foundation in order to occupy terminally-ill children who would come every three weeks and he would entertain them with his child-like and spark. X was so generous and loved giving back to the world, and therefore he was also involved with the Heal the World Foundation. With regards to this foundation, the objectives for Heal LA division were f or the vaccination of children, having a mentoring big sister/ big brother program together with a teaching program on drug abuse (Interview with Oprah Part 5). X was also certainly open to experience by being a singer who toured the world. He showed his openness to different individuals through his numerous marriages and management with different performers on several albums. Being an artist, a singer and dancer, X was unsurprisingly imaginative by writing his own lyrics and designing his own dance moves. Michael seemed fairly high on openness. (Friedman, H.B., Schustack, M.W 2009). While X aimed for precision in his music he appears to be fairly low on the conscientiousness scale. â€Å"The personality dimension that includes dependability, cautiousness, organization, and responsibility; pe... ...t just by seeing the sight of his own father (Interview with Oprah Part 3). Owing to the fact of his violation as a child, X had many issues with his physical appearance, as well as sleeping problems. These factors presented him with great amounts of concern, which would position him high in neuroticism. X felt exposed and therefore had numerous amounts of plastic surgeries in order to fix his appearance according to his criteria. At the end of his life X was using potent sleeping medicines called Lorazepam and Midazolam in order to help with his insomnia by bringing about peacefulness, as well as Propofol, which was a sleep-inducing medicine used for general anaesthesia. The fact that X had use such potent medicines to help deal with his insomnia revealed how much it affected his life and indicated his emotional unsteadiness. (Friedman, H.B., Schustack, M.W 2009).

Methodology is about the creation of knowledge Essay

Methodology is about the creation of knowledge, and methods are the guiding principles for the creation of knowledge (Arbnor & Bjerke, 1997). A methodology is chosen based upon philosophical presumptions, such as background hypotheses, normative theories, conceptions, and paradigms. A methodology is chosen based upon how an interaction between presumptions and technical possibilities define and shape the problem. To choose a methodology there should be an identifiable relationship between the methodological approach and the area to be studied, bridged by an operative paradigm. Methodology is an understanding of how methods are constructed and how an operative paradigm is developed. The operative paradigm consists of the methodical procedure and methodics. A methodical procedure is the specific use of a given technique for research in a methodological approach. As such, a technique becomes a method through the application of an explicit methodical procedure. Methodics is the way researchers relate techniques and methods into a study plan and the conduct of the study. While there are a variety of methodological approaches and procedures, there are three common research methodologies to guide primary researchers in the creation of knowledge. Quantitative research is the traditional research design, and it is considered to be scientific research due to its use of numbers as quantitative data (Robson, 2002). This method relies heavily on experiments and surveys which give it the label of a fixed research design. There is no variation from the administration of data gathering instruments. It may be easier to establish validity, reliability, objectivity, generalizability, and trustworthiness with quantitative research designs. Quantitative research may be characterized by experiments and measures. Comprehensive Examination for Aric W Hall Quantitative research attempts to precisely measure something, such as consumer behavior, attitudes, or knowledge (Cooper & Schindler, 2006). Quantitative research attempts to design, explain, and predict. The methodology may answer questions such as how much, how many, how often, when, and who. The survey is the dominant instrument of quantitative research. There is low researcher involvement, thus reducing the likelihood of researcher bias. Qualitative Early interest in qualitative research stemmed from the inadequacies of quantitative research to solve problems in the social sciences (Morgan & Smircich, 1980). Quantitative research is appropriate for the natural sciences, where reality is concrete, mathematical, and objective. However, it fails to address the often subjective, imaginative, values-based, and unpredictable human elements that social scientists study. Humans are social actors, made by their environmental and social context. Human reality is found within a context that is anything but natural science. Qualitative research is a more contemporary research design, and it has historically been considered unscientific

Maf 640

C)What would you do if you were Datin Timah? * Be innovative, go for incremental & radical innovations, be creative, think out of the box, invent, innovate, imitate. SHOW & TELL US WHAT YOU PLAN TO DO. If we were Datin Timah given the option whether to take up the Guardian’s offer or just sell off the business to the Watson, we will take up the Guardian’s offer rather than sell off to the Watson. This is due to the profit betterment. If we take up Watson’s offer, we can only get the short term profit and we cannot longer be in the industry.However, if we take up the Guardian’s offer, we can have the long term profit and we can sustain in the industry since the Guardian will help us in supplying our product to end customer. Furthermore, Guardian will not interfere in the management of Orang Kampung since their focused only to the product. Beside, they are willing to assist Orang Kampung in Research & Development and also production because they have the exp ertise. We can say that was the golden opportunity for the Orang Kampung to expand their market and target market.To sustain in the market, one product need to move together with the time, therefore, if before this Orang Kampung not concerned about how they package their product, now, they need to concerned since attractive packaging one of the important marketing strategy that able to catch up the customer and able to compete with other competitor’s product. Datin Timah is very conservative and holds to traditional way in making the product, so, she does not believe in revamping traditional medicine into modern pills and capsules, because according to her the purity of the traditional medicine will be contaminated with the toxic-chemicals.From our point of view, we believe that research and development team have a way how to maintain the traditional taste and benefit of the traditional medicine but still can modernized it so that it can compete with other modern medicine. Ho wever, if Datin Timah still doesn’t have faith with the team we suggest that she open an outlet in where she herself serves the product in traditional way where we believe that the traditional way is by boil the herbs and roots.

Van West

Melvin Bahrain CCC Professor G 03/14/2013 Case 1 1. What are the underlying cultural issues contributing to the problems? In this case the cultural issue is that Van West didn’t speak Spanish that well. Gonzalez actually spoke a little bit of English, so they could communicate. However, if Van west would speak better Spanish, then it might have solve a lot of problems even quicker. Furthermore, both Hernandez and Van West grew up differently so they had different visions of approaching problems with workers, and production issues.Van West was looking for solutions with enthusiasm, while the other thought that everything will solve by itself. 2. What should Van West have done when he first came to Mexico? In my opinion everything what he did went pretty well beside one thing. He shouldn’t let Hernandez take care of things while he was getting comfortable. I think he should start looking out for the problems right away to solve them a bit earlier. Hernandez is the person who said that the place where they both work does not have that performance that Van West got used to back in Taipei.Also, when he heard about the strike possibility he should act immediately to try to prevent it. It is also a culture issue, some people need some time to adjust to place and they work better, but some of them can start hard work right away. 3. How should Van West deal with Hernandez? Address the role of the boss in Mexican culture. Address the relationship between superiors and subordinates. I think that Van West should be more assertive towards Hernandez. They became friends, which affected the workplace.I think that Van West was just too nice about Hernandez, and he couldn’t tell him what was wrong or what was right. Van West should have more attitude of a boss while he was talking to Hernandez in a business place. Of course it is hard to act like a boss toward friend, but lets face the reality. It is work, and one has to be professional in what one does for living. Otherwise you can lose a job. Subordinate Hernandez was playing smart because obviously no one likes to get orders from other people so he became friends with Van West to have him on his side.Van West supposed to bring his problem solving, and enthusiasm for work to Hernandez’s life. 4. How can Van West deal with the labor issue? How does this relate to attitudes toward change, the relationship between the individual and the group, and hierarchy? Van West should be the person who would show more interest in the issues that occur inside the company. He probably would have to organize meetings between workers, and workout some even solutions for everybody. It is hard to make everyone happy at the same time, but there is always a chance that all of them would agree on something.Van West figured out that there were some issues between Gonzales and Hernandez. He decided to solve problems by going to see production issues by himself without Hernandez. Gonzales was the one who helped him se the clear vision of what is going on. This was a good move from Van West side because he got a little bit friendly with Gonzales who helped him find problems inside the company. The meeting that Van West made in the end of the case was a great choice because he is going to have all of the workers in one place so it will be easier to find out problems that may delay orders.

Explain Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality development

Sigmund Freud practiced as a psychiatrist in Vienna in the late nineteenth century. He mainly treated neurotic middle-aged women and his observations and case studies of these women led Freud to propose a theory of personality development. The main basic principle of his study suggested that adult personality is the result of an interaction between innate drives (such as the desire for pleasure) and early experience. Freud proposed that individual personality differences can be traced back to the way the early conflicts between desire and experience were handled. These conflicts remain with the adult and exert pressure through unconsciously motivated behaviour. Freud's theory proposed that the mind can be divided into three main parts. These are the id, ego and superego. The id contains innate sexual and aggressive instincts and works alongside the pleasure principle, which searches for immediate satisfaction. The ego is the conscious, rational mind and works on the reality principle. Last is the superego. This is the conscience and knows between right and wrong. These can be related to personality s each person may be dominated by a part of the mind. For example, people who are dominated by their Id are said to be ‘erotic' and seek pleasure. Freud also defined stages of psychosexual development. These stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. If a child experiences severe problems or excessive pleasure at any stage during development, this can lead to fixation which can then lead to differences in personality. Regression can also occur if adults experience stressful situations. Freud believed that both fixation and regression play important roles in determining adult personality. A good example of this can be seen in children that become fixated on the anal stage. They feel that they can control their bodily functions and enjoy retaining faeces. Fixation on retaining faeces can lead to an anal retentive personality type. This type is characterised as being clean, orderly and obstinate. Ego defence is also a process involved in the development of personality. There are a variety of defence mechanisms used as protection by the ego. Denial is a very good example of this. This is refusing to accept the existence of a threatening event e.g. some patients suffering from a life-threatening illness may deny that the illness is affecting their lives. Freud saw these defences as unhealthy and believed that they affecting personality development. Much of Freud's work was supported by other research evidence whereas others conflicted with his work. Evidence supporting Freud's theory of fixation was published by Rosenwald (1972). He found that people who scored high for anal retentiveness were reluctant to put their hands into a brown substance resembling excrement. This suggests that anal retentives do have anxieties about faeces. Freud's theory can also be used to explain ‘inconsistency' (‘part of me wants to, but the other part doesn't'). it also largely omitted social influences and promoted a deterministic, biological view. Also criticisms of Freud's theory include that Freud conducted his study on middle-classes white Viennese women and so is hard to generalise for other cultures.

Hands by Sherwood Anderson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hands by Sherwood Anderson - Essay Example The story is about Wing Biddlebaum, a fat little old man from Winesburg, Ohio. Wing Biddlebaum was driven out of Pennsylvania, his original hometown, after he was falsely accused of molesting a young boy in a school where he used to teach. This happened because of his habit of caressing the boys’ hairs and shoulders whenever he talked to them. Wing’s seemingly uncontrollable hands manifest his grotesqueness. The central symbol of this story is hands, which figure as agents of conflicting aims of different characters and demonstrate Wing’s helplessness and vulnerability. Discussion We are told that ‘Winesburg was proud of the hands of Wing Biddlebaum in the same spirit in which it was proud of Banker White's new stone house and Wesley Moyer's bay stallion’ (Anderson 16). His hands are a distinguished feature which amazes the citizens of Winesburg, but he seems not to notice and instead is afraid of them. Many citizens, including George Willard, have m any times wanted to ask him about his hands and why he seemed frightened by their power. This fear of his hands shows his grotesque nature. Wing hides his hands in fear that he might repeat the incident at the school. This is despite the fact that he had pure intentions in everything he did. ‘In a way, the voice and hands, the stroking of the shoulders and the touching of the hair was a part of the schoolmaster's efforts to carry a dream into the young minds.

How does modaifnil work in the brain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How does modaifnil work in the brain - Essay Example Side effects that are common in CNS stimulants but are not observed in Modafinil users include arterial hypertension and tachycardia. The absence of these effects has been widely attributed to the drug’s mechanism of action, though the exact principles of this yet to be established. The paper will focus on the positive effects of the drug and its pharmacokinetics on neural activity. There have been several theories formulated on the mechanism of neurostimuation by Modafinil. Among these include the histamine effect and the increment of the neurotransmitter dopamine by inhibiting its uptake therefore leaving sufficient amounts for transmission of neurosynaptic impulses. However, theories have suggested that the involvement of dopamine in this action is minimal; hence the different side effects (Saletu &Saletu-Zyhlarz, 2013, 231). The drug is also assumed to increase the availability of other neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine. These mechanisms will be explained in detail in the following section. Among the numerous theories that have been formulated, one that is most indicative from the author’s research findings is the theory suggesting interaction and activity of Reticular Activating System neurons in the rhombencephalon with Modanifil (Rasetti et al., 2010, 2101-2109). These neurons have been found to be responsible for sustaining arousal levels in humans. The drug has a different impact on the RAS than other neurostimulators such as amphetamine and methylphenitade. Researchers have stated that effects of this drug on the above mentioned structures involve glutamate, hypocretin, ?-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, epinephrine, histamine and dopamine (Rasetti et al., 2010, 2101-2109). Modafinil has been found to increase the synthesis and release of norepinephrin by altering activity in the locus coeruleus to low tonic and high phasic (Volkow et al., 2009, 1148-1154). The drug possesses an agonistic effect on alpha 1 adrenergic receptors; hence it has a direct stimulatory effect resulting in the inhibition of norepinephrine uptake (Saletu &Saletu-Zyhlarz, 2013, 231). Therefore, this neurotransmitter is increased and has positive impacts on several centers of the brain promoting wakefulness. Some of the effects that occur as a result of increased norepinephrine include increased memory, cerebral plasticity and learning and attention. It also stimulates the Autonomic nervous system, particularly the sympathetic, and increases heart rate and blood pressure leading to enhanced levels of energy (Saletu &Saletu-Zyhlarz, 2013, 231). Another mechanism that has been suggested involves the elevation in histamine levels. This is due to the effect of Modafinil on receptors of neurons containing peptides which are known as orexins. Specifically these receptors are known as orexin 1 and 2 (Rasetti et al., 2010, 2101-2109). These neurons radiate to different parts of the cerebral cortex, and have been found to also influence center s of involved in sustaining arousal levels and wakefulness. These neurons have also been found to increase the level of neurotransmitters such as noradrenalin and dopamine in the above mentioned areas (Volkow et al., 2009, 1148-1154). The involvement of dopamine in the effects of Modafinil will be explained further in the paper. The above mentioned orexin neurons activated by Modafinil also affect and

Facts about Scotland Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Facts about Scotland - Research Paper Example This essay analyzes that Scotland has produced several famous personalities, which are related to the creative writing. A few among the well-known names in the literature include James Kelman, AL Kennedy, Janice Galloway, Liz Lochhead, Alisdair Gray, Irvine Welsh, Ian Rankin, Andrew O'Hagan and many others. Most of the business outsource processing jobs have gone to the country as it has around 60,000 employees in almost 300 call centers that cater to businesses of companies like Dell, Direct Line, among others. The oil and gas industry of Scotland supports nearly hundred thousand jobs, spread around 40 countries worldwide, as there are around 2000 service and supply companies related to this trade, internationally. In a report by Financial Times FDI magazine, Scotland was named as the â€Å"UK region of future-2006/7†, while it was listed on the top in human resources, IT and telecom.The country is ranked as a fifth largest financial center for Europe. Royal Bank of Scotland and Halifax Bank of Scotland, headquartered here, has operations worldwide, as they have the reputation of efficient performance, internationally.The aerospace industry in Scotland has almost 10% share of the UK’s aerospace industry, as per the Scottish Survey Report. The aerospace industry in Scotland had a turnover of Pound Sterling 2.1 billion; while Prestwick has a reputation of being the excellent center for maintenance, repairs, and overhaul, as it caters to companies like GE, Goodrich, to name a few.

Using foreign financial statements Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Using foreign financial statements - Article Example The article is about a very important field in contemporary financial world,the skills' requirements to read financial statements of foreign companies and extracting information of interest from these financialsThe article presents some techniques that organizations usually employ when their financial statements are provided to foreign users. This ranges from doing nothing (in which case the financial statements might be in non-English language with figures shown in local currency and might not follow Generally Accepted Accounting Principles - GAAP, or International Financial Reporting Standards - IFRS) to a completely new set of statements, explicitly prepared for United States. Known as secondary statements, these are developed to provide statements in United States English, with the use of either US GAAP or international standards on Accounting. The purpose is to give users a similar sort of statement that they are used to deal with in United States.The article moves on to identif y the differences in financial statements' presentation layout and style that might appear in financial statements of a foreign company based on its particular location, usage of accounting standards, and norms in the country. A CPA or financial analyst must be equipped with relevant skills and necessary expertise to be able to deal with these differences in the financial statements presentations.... The article, too, describes the importance of being able to read and understand the financial statements of a foreign firm. Similarly, as per CON 2, the information that should be provided in financial statements should have a comparability aspect; that is, it could be compared with information from other entities to make an informed decision. As noted in the article, one of the purposes of developing a secondary statement is to enable the readers to compare statements of one company in one country with statements of others that might be in some other countries. If the currency, form and presentation, and standards of which the financial statements are developed are similar, it will provide an ease in comparing apple to apple. Otherwise, one might end up comparing US Dollars with Japanese Yen. Similarly, other elements of the coursework like financial accounting environment, financial statements like balance sheet and income statements and their forms, and the reporting standards are discussed in the article with a perspective of foreign financial statements and international reporting. 3. Learning Lessons The article provides common approaches the companies take when they provide their financial statements to foreign users. These approaches include doing nothing (explained above), developing primary statements using United States GAAP, translating the financial statements into English for easy reading, some might also change the currency to US dollars to provide the ease of comparability that might be required (convenience statements), others might include the details of this conversion and show the rate at which currency is converted (limited restatement). In addition, companies might completely redo their statements to align these

Point by Point comparison of Eva and Elizabeth Essay

Point by Point comparison of Eva and Elizabeth - Essay Example All these similarities and differences will be discussed in more details. Eva is a thirteen year old (13 years) European girl who has a polish origin. She is currently residing in the United States of America but as an immigrant because she was not born in the United States of America. Elizabeth on the other hand is younger than Eva by three years (she therefore is 10 years old) and was born in the United States of America which automatically makes her a US citizen. Even though she was born in the United States of America, she is an Asian. Unlike Eva who is proud of her Polish heritage and values it and its family from that country, Elizabeth hates and even rejects her Asian background. This hatred is even transferred to school where she has to attend a Chinese school which she totally hates and confesses to being happy when she does not have to go to school. She does not want any form of association with China and considers herself as all American. This is in contrast to Eva whose pride for her background makes her appreciative of her heritage and cultur e. Both Eva and Elizabeth are first born children in their families and have other siblings behind them. The siblings in both Eva’s and Elizabeth’s life are stubborn and give their parents especially their mothers a very hard time. It is as a result of this, the fact that they are the eldest and probably the fact that they are foreigners that makes both of the girls so protective over their mothers. They are educated and love their families and thus help them communicate with the world outside. Cultural identity is the personality or characteristics that an individual has about a particular culture which is similar with others of the same culture but contrasts with that of other individuals from a different culture. In this case, Eva who is from a Polish culture has a different culture from Elizabeth who has a Chinese background culture and hence different cultural identity. The two girls under

Business ownership and global business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business ownership and global business - Essay Example All the three forms of companies have their own benefits and risks. However sole proprietorship appears to be more risky as the owner is totally liable for every debt or loss incurred by the company. Limited Liability Company has some characteristics of sole trader and some of corporations as it is a limited liability company but a flow-through entity which means not subject to taxation up to some extent. Usually single owners choose this type of company to get rid of tedious paperwork required in other forms of companies. I think co-operative structure will be appropriate for this organization as it will help them to bring a wider platform in terms of financing and other resources. It also brings more knowledge and expertise to the organization. The company is totally run by the owner by his own self with out any other partner or director so in this form of business, the owner is not only limited in terms of ideas and knowledge but also monetary resources. The owner should think to delegate some powers and duties by getting other stakeholders in the company to extend the scope of business. A Limited liability company can also be limited in terms of financing sources. The owner, if not willing to change the ownership structure, opt to open branches of his business in other cities by replicating the same operations administered by local branch managers. He may choose to outsource some of the operations to other companies to get expert output. Tariffs and duties may affect the global business negatively. Higher rates of custom duties and taxes usually discourage buyers to import from other countries and they prefer to buy locally. The governments may take measures of decreasing such tariffs in order to encourage global

Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Presentation - Essay Example It is very complex and is currently only practiced in one developed country – Switzerland. Representative democracy. It allows the electorate to exercise their mandate to elect representatives to spearhead the will of the public. It comes as either parliamentary or presidential. Despite being very common all over the world, it is mostly partially practiced in the Developing World. Most countries under full dictatorship have the least development. The include Cuba, North Korea, Guinea, Belarus, Burma and Syria (Bailey 2013). Partial democracies are intertwined within dictatorships, making them unobvious. They are mainly practiced in Egypt, Pakistan, Philippines, and Thailand. Most of these countries have better economies than the ones listed under full dictatorship. Studies indicate that democracy has a direct relationship with development. However, such dictatorships as Saudi Arabia present the rare cases of countries blossoming with prosperity despite being governed dictatorially. Many developing countries have failed in promoting equality of their people, leading to low realization of democracy and development in these countries. Based on the discussed characteristics of democracy, including devolution of power and resources and political and civil freedom, it is apparent that full democratization offers the most obvious route to prosperity among nations in the Developing

How Global Issues Affect the Whole World Essay Example for Free

How Global Issues Affect the Whole World Essay Thematic Essay- How Global Issues Affect the Whole World BY codi5181 Global issues today cause tremendous problems to the whole world. Even today, issues such as terrorism, the environment, population, global migration, urbanization, and economic instability plague our world. The most crucial of these problems being religion-based terrorism, urbanization and population, and environmental pollution and destruction. Terrorism is mostly linked to differences in opinion between different sects ofa religion, an example being Muslim extremists. Muslim extremists in the Middle East have radical opinions on the details of their religion. The IRA in Ireland terrorizes anyone who goes against their ideals. Terrorism is caused when one group of radicals feels the necessity to attack another group. In addition, terrorism can be caused when one group feels that they are doing the right thing, when in the eyes of someone else, these same actions could be offensive and could cause unrest. Like the United States Christians who gave aid to the Christians in Ireland. The UN has ways to deal with unrest between countries, and has peacekeeping committees to try to stop terrorism before it starts. In order to stop errorism in the Middle East, there must be a clear separation of secular and state. The sharia in Muslim countries does not have laws that provide protection against modern day technology and advances in culture. The Middle Eastern countries that are ruled by religious laws have to start to regulate weapon usage and the availability of explosives and other dangerous chemicals. An increase in the global population greatly affects many aspects of everyday life for everyone in the world. Population increases causes a vicious cycle of urbanization. Urbanization is the movement of eople from rural areas to cities in search of employment opportunities and a education. Urbanization is caused by an increase need for employment. People who live in rural areas have a lesser availability of Jobs and resources, so moving to the city makes this easier on them. People quest for a better life, and education causing people to move into the cities too. Cities such as Beijing and cities in India and China are mostly affected by urbanization because of the massive amount of people who reside in these countries. Some countries have put in place different laws and olicies to counteract the massive population increase. Chinas one child policy is a supreme example. Countries should limit the amount of people who can move into a city each year. Also, companies can expand into the rural areas and sponsor schools to be set up in the rural areas too. Urbanization in the long run causes a severe increase in global pollution. This problem is caused by the increased need to produce energy. Producing energy usually involved burning fossil fuels. The air pollution causes the Green house effect, which causes the Earth to slowly heat up. Environmental problems like lack of medical cures and oxygen level decreases are caused by human deforestization. International committees are set up to limit what humans can do with natural resources. For example, factories must scrub the emissions free of toxins and people can no longer use CFCs. To solve the problem of global pollution, countries must find alternate ways to create energy, rather than interconnected. Everything that we do can be felt across the globe. International solutions to the problems that plague our world are a necessity. Problems such as pollution, over population, and terrorism can easily be solved.

Theory of Parabolas Essay Example for Free

Theory of Parabolas Essay A parabola is designed on a basic formula, Y=ax^2+bx+c, which allows it to achieve a curve not seen in a normal line graphed using a Y=mx+b format. To the left is a graph who’s formula is y=x^2, where a=1, b=0, and c=0. I have isolated the (a) factor to see its effects on the parabola. Below is a graph where I have changed the (a) multiple times. The result is that as the (a) decreases, the mouth of the parabola widens due to the fact that (a) is essentially the slope of the parabola. Now, watch what happens when the (a) becomes negative. Now the mouth of the parabola is opening down and as we increase (a), the parabola widens. When (a)1, the parabola closes up horizontally. So from this, we can infer that if (a) is 0, then the result will be a straight line going along the X axis which is no longer a parabola. Now we will look at how the (b) factor changes the parabola, below is the origional graph from the top of the paper except the red line represents the same parabola with a (b) added onto it. The original equation was Y=x^2(blue line) and the new equation is Y=x^2+x(red line). The change is moving the vertex of the parabola left ? and down ? but the shape of the parabola it’s self is unchanged. Here are some other examples of changing (b) in a parabola with a steady (a) As seen in the graph, (b) only moves the parabola to the sides and down (as the numbers increase, the vertex moves left and down and decreasing is vice versa), but somehow fails to move the parabola up past the point X=0 on its own (making the (a) negative will flip the parabola). So now we have a slope (a) and a vertex (b), but we still need our Y-intercept which will be our (c) As shown from the graph, our parabolas Y-intercepts match up with our (c) factor, completing the equation -Fun fact, the word parabola came from the Greek words para, meaning beside, and bole, meaning to throw

Factors Affecting The Rate Of Enzymes Activity Biology Essay

Factors Affecting The Rate Of Enzymes Activity Biology Essay Enzymes are catalysts made within the human body. Catalysts naturally, lower the activation energy required for reactions. The lower the activation energy is, the faster the rate of reaction is, and therefore enzymes speed up reactions in the body by lowering the activation energy required. (Diet-Health.net) There are many factors that contribute to the rate of reaction of an enzyme. Factors include: concentration of the enzyme, temperature, pH level, concentration of the substrate, and inhibitors. This lab shows the affects these factors have on the rate of reaction between catalase, an enzyme found in potatoes, and hydrogen peroxide, the substrate. The specific enzyme that was studied during this lab was catalase. Catalase is a naturally occurring enzyme that is found in many living organisms such as plants and the human body. Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide, a very harmful oxidizing agent for cells (Catalase). A single catalase molecule can break down millions of hydrogen peroxide molecules in a given moment. Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is a natural waste product which forms when the body breaks down fatty acids and converts that into energy. Hydrogen peroxide also forms when white blood cells break down and kill bacteria in the body. Catalase is also helpful in prevent the formation of carbon dioxide bubbles in the blood. Catalase can help break down other harmful chemicals in the body such as alcohol, phenol, and formaldehyde (VitaminStuff.com). As mentioned before, enzymes play a significant role in organic chemistry. Catalase is one of the most recognized enzymes found in living organisms. This lab provides the clear and understandable information of the enzyme being studied, catalase, and proves the affects of the factors that contribute to an enzymes rate of reaction. Part 1: Change in Enzyme Concentration Table 1: Enzyme concentration compositions Distance (cm) Time (s) Rate of Change (cm/s) Other observations 100 % concentration (10 mL potato juice) 8 cm 3.02 s 2.65 cm/s bubbles appeared 80 % concentration (8 mL potato juice, 2 mL distilled water) 8 cm 5.06 s 1.58 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition 60 % concentration (6 mL potato juice, 4 mL distilled water) 8 cm 6.28 s 1.27 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition 40% concentration (4 mL potato juice, 6 mL distilled water) 8 cm 7.5 s 1.07 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition 20% concentration (2 mL potato juice, 8 mL distilled water) 8 cm 19.65 s 0.41 cm/s no bubbles appeared Graph 1: Analysis 1: According to the observation graph 1, the major trend shows that as the concentration of the catalase, which is in the potato juice, increases there is also an increase in the rate of reaction. As the concentration of the catalase decreased, the rate of reaction also decreased. Part 2: Change in Temperature Table 2: Temperature ( °C) Distance (cm) Time (s) Rate of Reaction (cm/s) 10.0 8.00 5.85 1.38 21.0 8.00 4.83 1.66 35.0 8.00 2.99 2.68 50.0 8.00 4.21 1.90 80.0 8.00 5.52 1.45 Graph 2: Analysis 2: Observation graph 2 shows the relationship between the environmental temperature and the rate of reaction. According to the observation chart the optimal temperature was 35 °C. The optimal temperature being the temperature at which the enzyme reacted the fastest. Any temperature higher or lower than 35 °C, the catalase molecules did not react as fast. Part 3: Change in pH Level Table 3: Amount of H2O2 (mL) Amount of Distilled Water (mL) Amount of pH Buffer (mL) pH Level Vertical Distance Travelled by Filter Paper Towards Meniscus Time taken by filter paper disc to move to meniscus (s) Upward velocity of Filter Paper Disc (cm/s) 10 mL 5 mL 7 (Control) 8.15 6.6 1.23 10 mL 5 mL 2 7.98.15 16.65 0.47 10 mL 5 mL 4 8.15 7.05 1.16 10 mL 5 mL 9 8.1 10.4 0.78 10 mL 5 mL 12 7.85 8.14 0.96 Graph 3: Analysis 3: According to graph 3, the optimal value was the pH level of 7. At the pH level of 7, the rate of reaction was the fastest, any pH level higher or lower than that of 7 the enzymes rate of reaction would decrease. This relationship was much like that of the temperatures, anything above or below the optimal value the rate of reaction decreases. Part 4: Change in Substrate Concentration Table 4: Concentration of H202 of Distilled Water Trial Time of catalase to travel from the bottom of the test tube to the top (s) Distance of bottom of test tube to substrate(cm) Rate of change of the catalyzed reaction (cm/s) 15 mL of H202 3% 1 5.89 8.0 1.36 2 6.86 8.0 1.17 Total 6.38 8.0 1.27 13 mL of H202 2.6% 1 8.13 8.0 0.98 2 7.11 8.0 1.13 Total 7.62 8.0 1.01 10 mL of H202 2% 1 8.65 8.0 0.87 2 12.8 8.0 0.63 Total 10.73 8.0 0.75 7.5 mL of H202 1.5% 1 9.43 8.0 0.84 2 12.53 8.0 0.64 Total 10.98 8.0 0.74 5 mL of H202 1% 1 10.37 8.0 0.77 2 12.88 8.0 0.62 Total 12.63 8.0 0.70 Graph 4: Analysis 4: According to graph 4, as the concentration of the substrate (hydrogen peroxide) increases the rate of reaction also increases. This relationship was much like that of the change in enzyme concentration. Part 5: Addition of an Inhibitor Table 5: Experiment Number Amount of Inhibitor (copper (II) sulfate drops) Time (s) Distance (cm) Rate of change (cm/s) 1 0 4.13 8.0 1.94 2 1 4.68 8.0 1.71 3 5 5.57 8.0 1.44 4 10 6.66 8.0 1.20 5 15 8.57 8.0 0.93 Graph 5: Analysis 5: According to graph 5, as there was an increase in the drops of copper (II) sulphate (the inhibitor for this lab) there was a decrease in the rate of reaction. This was due to the fact that the copper (II) sulphate blocked the active site of the catalase. Evaluation: Conclusion For each part of the lab, there were hypothesis made in the beginning of the experiments. Each experiment was done and observed and a conclusion was reached on whether the hypothesis for the experiment made sense and was proven. Part 1: Change in Enzyme Concentration Hypothesis: If there was an increase in the concentration of the catalase, then there would be an increase in the rate of reaction. This hypothesis was proven to be true. As there was an increase in the concentration of the enzyme, the catalase, there was an increase in the rate of reaction. This was due to the fact that there were more catalase enzymes available for the substrates to bind to and soon react with. The concentration of the substrate was maintained at the naturally available concentration, there were no changes made. That meant that there were more active sites available to the substrates to bind to. The more the active sites there were, the more substrates were being reacted at the same time, therefore decreasing the time it took to fully react with all the substrate molecules. Table 2: Change in temperature Hypothesis: If the temperature of the environment surrounding the reaction increases the rate of reaction will also increase, until it reaches the optimal point, the point at which the rate of reaction will start to decrease. The hypothesis was proven to be true as well. The rate of reaction did increase until it reached the optimal point. At the optimal point (35 °C) the rate of reaction was the highest, which meant the most number of hydrogen peroxide molecules were reacting with the enzymes during the experiment at that specific temperature. In other words, the optimal point was when the enzymes worked the best. As the temperature rose, the molecules possessed more kinetic energy. The more kinetic energy there was, the more the molecules moved and collided with one another, increasing the rate of reaction, until it reached the optimal point. Once the temperature started to increase higher than 35 °C the catalase started to denature, which meant the shape of the enzyme would start to differ. The denaturing catalase decreased the rate of reaction because there werent as many healthy normal catalase molecules to maintain the rate or even increase it. Part 3: Change in pH Level Hypothesis: If the pH level of the substrate increased then the rate of reaction will also increase until an optimal pH level is reached. Anything above or below the optimal pH level the enzyme will denature. This hypothesis was also proven to be true. The optimal pH level was 7, neutral, for the catalase. This meant at pH 7, the most enzyme-substrate reactions were taking place at that specific time. Enzymes work within a small pH range, therefore pH levels tend to have a great impact on the enzyme-substrate activity (Nelson Biology 12). Any pH level above or below 7 started to denature the enzyme, slowing down the rate of reaction. Denaturing enzymes meant that the shape of the overall enzyme had changed. This meant that at the pH levels of 2, 4, 9 or 12 the shape of the active site for the substrate to bond to would change, slowing down the process. At the pH level of 7, catalases activity was the greatest. Part 4: Change in Substrate Concentration Hypothesis: If the concentration of the substrate (hydrogen peroxide) increases the rate of reaction also increases. This hypothesis was proven to be true. This relationship was much like that of the concentration of the catalase. As the concentration of the substrate increased the rate of reaction also increased because there were more hydrogen peroxide molecules available to react with the catalase. However, at one point (the point of saturation, which wasnt achieved in this lab) the rate of reaction would be constant. That meant at a given point during the experiment, all of the active sites of the catalase would be occupied with a hydrogen peroxide molecule and the rate of reaction would neither increase nor decrease. Strictly looking at the experiment observed, the rate of reaction was increasing as the substrate concentration was increasing because there were more substrates available to react with an enzyme at a specific time. Part 5: Addition of an Inhibitor Hypothesis: If the addition of an inhibitor increased then that means the rate of reaction would decrease. This hypothesis was also proven correct. The copper (II) sulphate acted as an inhibitor for the experiment. When added, the copper (II) sulphate attached itself to the active site of the catalase molecules, causing the rate of reaction to decrease. The copper (II) sulphate was meant to block the active site, which it did successfully, hence the decrease in the rate of reaction. This meant, the more copper (II) sulphate was added the lower the rate of reaction would be. This is because this inhibitor stalls the reaction time because there are less reactions taking place at that moment in time, due to the fact that the active sites are blocked off from the hydrogen peroxide molecules. Evaluation: Sources of Error Throughout this lab there were many errors made that were uncontrolled and/or unaccounted for. These errors were not human errors, which were tried to be reduced to the minimal if not none. Some sources of error included: the test tube measurements, errors regarding the filter paper disc and the inconsistent concentration of the catalase. The test tubes were meant to be all the same shape and hold the same amount. However this was not the case for every single test tube. To the human eyes the amount in the test tube might look the same but in reality the amount might vary. This is due to the fact that the test tubes from the inside do not all have the same shape, after all test tubes are human made and there is a chance of major human error during that process as well. The test tubes not being consistent meant that there was room for error in measurements. Even though the volume of the catalase and the hydrogen peroxide were measured out precisely, the measurements that were made using a ruler were not. This was due to the fact that the test tubes were not all the same, and that the human eye is not precise in analyzing such measurements. This meant there were countless errors throughout the lab. For many processes the filter paper disc, which was dipped in the potato juice, did not always sink to the bottom of the test tube. Even with the help of forceps and plastic pipettes, which were used to aid the filter paper disc to the bottom of the test tube, the filter paper disc did not reach the bottom. This was because the catalase that was absorbed into the filter paper disc automatically started reacting with the hydrogen peroxide. They were very inconsistent, some filter paper discs took a longer time to be pushed to the bottom and others simply sank, and since time was a major aspect to the lab this caused many errors. Catalase concentration was also a source of error. There were many potatoes that were ground and made into potato juice for the purpose of this lab. Naturally, they would carry different concentration of catalase because of the different ways they were grown. There might be a potato that had many nutrients while it was still maturing in the field and a potato that barely got any nutrients. The concentration of the catalase used in one part of the lab would be higher or lower than the concentration of the catalase used in another part because of the different potatoes used. This affected the lab because, like observed before, the higher the concentration of the catalase the higher the rate of reaction there will be. In the future, if only one potato was ground and made into potato juice would help control this aspect of the lab. These were only three main errors observed during this lab. There were many more, regarding the separate sections of the lab. Evaluation: Next Steps Throughout this lab there were many procedures that could have been done differently or to a different point. Another lab could have been carried out with another natural enzyme which could have been comparable to the factors and affects of catalase. Also, the saturation level was undiscovered for the enzyme (in terms of concentration, and the inhibitors). Both are procedures that could have been carried to obtain a better understanding of enzymes. Another miniature lab would have been helpful if done, because then the factors and the affects these factors had on the rate of reactions could have been compared for a better understanding. There is another naturally occurring enzyme that shares characteristics with catalase. This enzyme is called amylase. Amylase is a catalyst that hydrolysis polysaccharides starch into disaccharide maltose. Amylase can be found in the saliva, produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas. If amylase is added to starch solution, the starch will soon break down to form maltose (Enzyme Lab). Both catalase and amylase are natural occurring enzymes found in the human body and they are great for comparison with one another. If the same lab was done with amylase this lab would help others understand a little more in the similarities and differences between enzymes. One other suggestion would be to carry out the experiments to the full potential. After reading and studying enzymes, it is clear that there are saturation points for the substrate concentration and the affects of an inhibitor (Nelson Biology 12). Saturation points refer to the point at which there is no increase or decrease in the rate of reaction between the catalase and hydrogen peroxide. The experiment that required the increase in the substrate concentration could have been (and should have been) carried out until the point of saturation was observed. This is when the rate of reaction stays at a constant because all the active sites are occupied by hydrogen peroxide molecules and no other reactions can occur. This could have also been possible with the inhibitor part of the lab. At one point no reactions would occur because the inhibitors would have been blocking all the possible active sites for the hydrogen peroxide to react with. This is also referred to as a saturation point . If these saturation points were observed, there wouldve been a better understanding of the affects the different factors had on the enzyme. For future labs, both these processes should be considered, if not acted upon. With both processes there is the availability to further the understanding of enzymes and their capabilities in living organisms. Work Cited CATALASE -ANTIOXIDANT BENEFITS, INFORMATION ON SUPPLEMENTS, ARTICLES, LINKS, NEWS, ADVICE. VITAMINSTUFF A RESOURCE FOR VITAMINS, HERBS, ANTIOXIDANTS, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. . Catalase An Extraordinary Enzyme. Catalase Home Page (Index page for http://www.catalase.com). N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. . Enzyme Lab Ex. 4. Welcome to Eve. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. . Enzymes Enzyme Biological Catalysts Diet and Health.net. Diet and Health.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. . Protein Digestion: A Trip Through the Gut. Oracle ThinkQuest Library . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. . Substrate definition from Biology-Online.org. Life Science Reference Biology Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. . catalase: Definition from Answers.com. Answers.com: Wiki QA combined with free online dictionary, thesaurus, and encyclopedias. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. . The innocence in this world has become extinct Though, my purity still stands because my status is distinct. I have been refusing to give the green light Continually declining every invite It  Ã‚  holds all the respect   Its just not enough to relinquish in an hour Once it is gone, its gone forever Its just not worth it to me One of my worst enemies is Regret All the hurt and all the pain is hard to forget I dont want to be a statistic So when it comes to sex, we speak of different linguistics. I must add that my mind is pessimistic. What if something goes wrong? What if its sadistic They always ask me if Im clean. Give it up baby, youre already seventeen Sounds like a kid to me   I dont know what the fuck you mean. Im just not you, one who lets lust consume Seems like everyone lost it already In this I must say, My standards must be met for it to be given away. That man better love me to death I better be the reason for his every breath Baby dont you see the ring on that right fist Because I dare that man to run off with my virginity