Calibration and Preventive Maintenance Program

Calibration and Preventive Maintenance Program Regulations of the regulatory authorities like FDA and EU require that all the firms have program for calibration and preventive maintenance for test as well as measurement equipments. Preventive maintenance program is one of the most importance aspects for GMP inspection as it ensures the efficient GMP operations. Any equipments either it is automatic or manually operated will perform its functions properly and are used for manufacturing, processing, packaging, labeling or holding of drug products; it is mandatory that it will be timely calibrated, inspected and checked for errors according to the written program which is specially designed to assure the best performance of the equipments. This paper mainly discusses the importance of the calibration and Preventive Maintenance program for any industry because it is very important for any firm that the equipments produce the products having its predetermined specification. Introduction Definition of Calibration: It is a set of operation that performs under specific conditions to verify the values/data obtained by comparison of two instruments or measuring devices one of which is a standard of known accuracy (Traceable to national standards). It is used to detect, correlate, report or eliminate any of the discrepancy in accuracy of instruments or measuring devices when being compared to the standard. [1] Calibration is one type of comparison but it is not an adjustments. Definition of Preventive Maintenance: It is a care or service provided by personnel to maintain the equipment or facility in satisfactorily working conditions by providing inspections, detection and correction of failures before they occur. Basically they are conducted to keep the instrument in working conditions and to extend the life of the instrument.[2] Background Information Today lots of equipment and measuring systems are used in pharmaceutical industry. During pharmaceutical manufacturing operations, these equipments are used to control and record the GMP process parameters because these parameters are mandatory to fulfill the quality requirements of the particular process as well as product. As I earlier mentioned that calibration is just a comparison and to document the record of differences when calibration is performed between the actual equipment and the standard equipment. But it is mandatory to calibrate the equipments timely to get the best results and minimizations of errors. For PM, its one type of maintenance of measuring system or equipments before any error will occur. Basically PM is divided into two subparts. (1) Planned PM and (2) condition based. The key difference between these two subparts is time required for maintenance. The risks which are involved during performing PM are human errors and product failure. Preventive Maintenance is performed by repairing the equipments or by the replacing the defective part of the equipment before any error or product failure will occur. [1] Main advantages of PM are: improvement in the reliability of system, decrease in replacement cost and time, and inventory management system is also improved. Requirements of Regulatory Authorities Calibration program is required by the regulatory authority (FDA) under section 21 CFR part 211.68 and Preventive maintenance and calibration program is required by FDA under section 21 CFR part 211.67. Calibration requirements for Lab instruments under section 21 CFR part 211.67 are: specific directions, schedule, limit of accuracy and precision remedial action and system to prevent usage of instrument which are failed to calibrate. [2] Requirements for manufacturing area: FDA requires that each manufacturing area of the facility has written calibration and written preventive maintenance procedures. They must have qualified personnel to calibrate and maintain the equipments which are again rechecked by other qualified person. They must have one representative to monitor the calibration and PM program. And finally the whole process of calibration and PM is reviewed and approved in the terms of quality. Requirements for equipment master list: [1] In any manufacturing area or any laboratory, lots of instruments are used thats why FDA requires that there should be a system in facility that can identify the instruments which are related to GMP. For identification purpose it must have serial no. model no. and location but if the instruments are tracked by configuration then this information is not mandatory. And there should be a written procedure that area used to determine whether calibration and PM is required for particular instrumentation or not. Instrument Identification and calibration status[1] Initial step for the calibration PM program is to identify the instrument. Instruments are identified and characterize in the terms of criticality. Some instruments are critical and some are non critical. Some instruments have effects on environment so identified as environmental critical instrument. In the same way some has direct impact on product quality known as GMP critical instruments. Step by step process to identify an instrument and calibration status is: Each instrument is given unique identification number. Details for instrument (model no, serial no, location) are available and documented Every instrument is labeled with its unique identification number. Calibration history (calibration status, date of calibration, date for next calibration, details of person who is performing calibration) Use of calibration logs, calibration sticker and MAXIMO to document calibration status. There should be a system which prevent the use of non-qualified instruments, damaged instruments and non-calibrated and those who expired the calibration period to minimize the errors. Also some instruments do not require calibration or factory calibrated for certain period of time so there should be a system to identify those instruments. Traceability of standards and calibration tolerance Reference equipment or calibration equipment which is used as standard should be traceable to national standard. In the absence of recognized standards, an independent reproducible standard can be used. The tolerance of the reference standard is higher than the other equipment which is going to be calibrated. And there should be a system available to monitor the expiration date of reference standard and other re-certification requirements. Two types of tolerance level in calibration: (1) Alert level: Up to this level the instrument can be adjust to its required range. (2) Action level: Its known as out of tolerance limit. At this level investigation is required for because we cant make any adjustment at this level. If tolerance is between the Alert and Action level than thats fine and investigation is not required. [1.6] 7. Calibration and Maintenance Frequency After consideration of traceability of reference standard and calibration tolerance, the thing we need to know is frequency of calibration and maintenance because some instruments need frequent calibration. Basically the frequency of calibration depends on the type and nature of instruments. Some important criteria which we can take in the consideration during calculation of frequency of calibration and maintenance are listed below. Manufacturers recommendations and process requirements Environmental conditions like temp, pressure, humidity and vibration. History of calibration and history of repair. 8. Calibration and maintenance procedure (SOP) There should be a documented SOP for conducting the calibration and preventive maintenance for each type of instrumentation. Most of the time during calibration, measurement of errors is found exceeded to its limit by one or more designated point as it was shown in figure: 1 as As found and secondly calibration is carried out to verify its predetermined tolerance limit which is shown in the figure: 1 as As left. The SOP for calibration must includes accuracy and precision limits and what are the remedial actions should be taken if this limits do not meet with each other. There should be an authorized department to perform and monitor calibration and maintenance. The SOP must contain the step by step calibration instructions, instrumentation manual, proper calibration procedures, provisions for adjustments, provisions for record and document the actual measurement reading before and after doing adjustment. Record/Documentation for calibration and maintenance Documentation for calibration and PM is very important as from this historical data we are able to minimize errors for future perspective. Actual measurements and the data obtained after adjustment are recorded as shown in the Figure: 1. Documentation must includes the tolerance limit, full details of the reference standard used and complete details of the person who did the calibration. All these documentations are reviewed periodically by authorized person to make the adjustment in the frequency of calibration when recalibration of the instruments will be carried out in future. Today most of the pharmaceutical companies are using computerized calibration management system to plan and record the calibration activities in their firm. Computerized system is more convenient and efficient than the traditional paper work. You can save the data for longer time. At the beginning, the computerized system is not popular much but after the introduction of 21 CFR part 11 electronic records and electronic signature, most of the organizations adopted it. Out of tolerance (OOT) calibration result When we found that the particular instrument is outside of its predetermined calibration limits which is also known as Action limit or OOT. If we found OOT calibration result, first scenario is to take corrective actions as soon as possible. We can take corrective actions like repair, re-calibration, and replacement of defective part or permanent removal of instrument if the errors cannot be corrected by above actions. Firm can issue OOT notification to the vendor and the notification must includes current calibration data, severity of OOT error and full details of last successful calibration. It is mandatory that QA department immediately stop the production for a while till the issue is solved. Here the role of PM is important as it will stop the reoccurrence of the error. As OOT results highly impact on the quality of the product and also responsible for batch failure, it is mandatory to find out the root cause for the occurrence of these errors. At least it will help us to preven t the re-occurrence of particular error. Change control management and CAPA approach Under change control management program, we are able to make changes in calibration tolerance, frequency and procedure. Also we can add another new program to avoid errors or permanent removal of current program to avoid inconvenience. Change in the environment or change in the location is also solution suggested by this program. Each and every step should be documented properly. This program also suggests revalidation, re-execution and revision of IQ, OQ and PQ of the instruments. Timely revision, periodic review and approval by authorized person at every stage are the key points of this program. CAPA stands for corrective actions and Preventive actions. CAPA is an important analytical tool to solve lot of issues. CAPA is a concept of Good Manufacturing practice (GMP). CAPA mainly concentrate on the systematic investigation of the failures and deviations occurred during process to prevent their reoccurrence in the terms of corrective actions and also prevent from reoccurrence in terms of preventive action. [5] CAPA ensures that the corrective actions and Preventive actions that are under taken to prevent failure are highly effective and reliable. CAPA is an important tool of the overall Quality Management System (QMS). If any company wants to have best quality management system in their firm, they should implement CAPA to their firm. CAPA ensures the best quality products with the lower cost and less time. Software used for calibration and PM Lots of softwares are used for calibration and PM at industrial scale. This computerized system has more efficiency and guaranteed the best results. Calibration software Quality Calibration Management system (QCMS) is complete instrument and designed according to the requirements of 21 CFR part 11. This software ensures regulatory compliance and also traceability. It will help to improve the reliability of plant and optimize the administrative costs. It will help to increase in the productivity as well as efficiency. 12.2 Preventive maintenance software RCM turbo is very popular PM software. Traditional approach took years to complete just one PM but by using this RCM turbo, anyone can quickly go for PM. This software directs us through EMEA process. But the thing is it will go through quickly and efficiently. It is 100 % reliable and will allow you do risk assessment Conclusion In conclusion, I would like to say that calibration and preventive maintenance are very important aspects of any instrument. To get the best results with the instruments, it is mandatory to inspect and calibrate the instruments periodically as it is also required by regulatory authorities. Preventive maintenance definitely improves the life of the instruments but timely implementation of PM is very important. Non-calibrated instruments and lack of PM has directly impact on the product quality, so it required that every manufacturing area in the firm has proper program for validation and PM. We cant neglect the importance of PM because it will prevent the re-occurrence of errors. SOP for calibration and PM is also valuable aspect as it will help to record data, minimize the severity of risk and provides step by step procedure to follow. CAPA approach is one of the most important quality management tools as it will help to correct the errors and to prevent the re-occurrence of errors b y preventive actions. Implementation of CAPA tool in calibration will definitely good for instruments. Revision of 21CFR part 11 strongly suggests adopting computerized software system to every firm because of its convenience and efficiency. Softwares used for calibration and PM as I discussed in the paper like QCMS and QMS turbo etc. are 100 % reliable, so I would like to suggest every firm to adopt this computerized software system for their calibration and PM program.

El Nino Essay -- Meteorology Weather Climate Essays

El Nino We live on an incredibly large planet. Even broader than the size of the planet are the amount of changes and relationships between humans, animals, environment, weather, and the effects of each. Many times with busy schedules and modern lifestyles we forget the interaction that goes on between any number of concepts or ideas. We fail to realize that a specific weather occurrence in the Pacific Ocean can have an effect on every day life in the United States. El Nino is one of the largest scientific phenomenons that scientists have ever explored. The main concepts of El Nino are very simple and there are many variations, causes, affects, and relationships to study. The main idea behind El Nino is that the wind changes direction across the Pacific Ocean. In a non El Nino year (normal), the trade winds blow from east to west across the ocean, from North and South America towards the tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean. In an El Nino year, the trade winds change direction and blow from Asia and the tropical Pacific towards North and South America (NOAA B, 2004). The changes in these winds, commonly called Southern Oscillation winds because the majority of activity happens in the southern parts of the Pacific, produce many other changes. In the final analysis, the winds are the root of this scheme. John Daly (2004) discussed how the winds produce major changes in the temperature of the ocean water. This is the second main concept of El Nino. In normal years, when the wind blows from east to west, the temperature at â€Å"Sea Surface† is about 8 degrees cooler in the west than in the east. During El Nino, the winds blow a certain amount of water towards the west, thus piling it up and making its depth approximately one half meter deeper. Because of the loss of water at either coast, the deeper ocean water rises to replace what is gone. The deeper/cooler water is the source of many incomes in North and South America; however, in an El Nino year, the warmer water sits on top of the ocean, which creates many tribulations relating to both income and weather. The last main point of El Nino is the weather that follows due to the changes in water temperature. Precipitation follows the warmer water, whichever direction it flows. During the normal wind patterns the rainfall in the southern Pacific islands is consistent and creates their tropical identity. Whe... ...lnino/history.asp. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Washington D.C. Last updated April 22, 2004. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/el-nino-story.html. (A) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA). Washington D.C. Last updated April 22, 2004. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/faq.html#what. (B) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Washington D.C. Last updated April 22, 2004. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/impacts.html. (C) Redmond, Kelly. â€Å"El Nino, La Nina, and the Western U.S., Alaska and Hawaii.† June 16, 1998. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/enso/ensofaq.html. United States Geological Survey (USGS). â€Å"1998 California Flood.† From News Release. Feb. 3, 1998, http://ca.water.usgs.gov/archive/floods/flood98/. University of Illinois, Champaign Illinois. Last updated April, 2000. http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/eln/rcnt.rxml. USA Today, by the Associated Press. â€Å"El Nino found to affect Antarctic Sea Ice.† 2004. http://www.usatoday.com/news/science/cold-science/2002-03-06-nino-ice.htm. Williams, Jack. USA Today. â€Å"Scientists Gather Information on El Nino Impact in Antarctica.† January 8, 2003.

Balance sheet Essay

According to the depreciation rates used by the company and described in the Production Cost Report, if a company adds 50 new workstations at a cost of $250,000 each and also spends $5 million for an addition to its assembly plant to accommodate the new workstations. According to the cost allocation methods used in the company’s accounting system and described in the Help section for the Operations Report for any of the four geographic regions, if a company spends $5 million to advertise its camera lines in North America, assembles and ships 300,000 entry-level cameras and 200,000 multi-featured cameras to its North American dealers, derives revenues of $80 million from its sales of entry-level cameras and $120 million from the sales of its multi-featured cameras in North America, then 50% of the $5 million in advertising expenditures will be allocated to the costs of advertising for entry-level cameras and 50% will be allocated to the costs of multi-featured cameras. 70% of the $5 million in advertising expenditures will be allocated to the costs of advertising for entry-level cameras and 30% will be allocated to the costs of multi-featured cameras. the per camera advertising costs for both entry-level and multi-featured cameras will be $10.00. 40% of the $5 million in advertising expenditures will be allocated to the costs of advertising for entry-level cameras and 60% will be allocated to the costs of multi-featured cameras. the per camera advertising costs for entry-level cameras will be 50% larger than the per camera advertising costs for multi-featured cameras.

exceptional needs children Essay - 1363 Words

Katt Goodson Oct, 7th, 2014 Professor Corrina Carotti Unit 6 Assignment PS 340 exceptional needs children Michael Michael, a five-year-old male, just diagnosed with hearing loss and a speech disorder, has not learned to speak properly and is working with a speech therapist three times a week. Michael does not show any progress in learning letters or numbers. His parents are worried that he might be labeled in school and not allowed to participate in regular classroom activities. Michael is scheduled to start kindergarten in a month and the school psychologist wants to test him to see if he should be placed in special education classes. After speaking with Michael’s parents, it is found that he is an only child and†¦show more content†¦Michael is unable to make friends and his disabilities interfere with his social development. As a person that has worked with disabilities I feel that part of this is because he is an only child and when he has play dates Michael doesn’t understand them completely and because of his hearing and language it is also because the people that come over the play have a hard time understanding him. It is possible that Michael is socially immature because he can’t be understood and is not at the age mentally as the rest of the children his age. I feel that if Michael had a sibling either younger or a couple years older he would have a better understanding of how to make friends because he would be around someone daily it would also help him to grow and become more mature. Since he is starting Kindergarten his year it would be great if he could get meet some of the kids earlier and make a friendship or play date with some class mates so he doesn’t get over whelmed as easy about the change. A hearing impairment can be considered a culture difference for Michael because he shares a language with other people that have this common issue and as he gets older social practices as well. Per our text many deaf people do not view themselves as disabled and consider hearing loss and inappropriate and demeaning term because it suggests a deficiency or pathology. It also refers to people in the individual way people who identify the Deaf cultureShow MoreRelatedPsychology, Exceptional Needs Children1255 Words   |  6 Pages PSYCHOLOGY, EXCEPTIONAL NEEDS CHILDREN Student’s name Prof’s name Course title Date The autism spectrum is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by tenacious deficits in communicating and also social interaction, constrained repetitive and stereotyped patterns in terms of behavior or interests. The symptoms of this disorder present themselves in the early developmental stages and causes impairment in one’s social or occupational areas. 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These actions aided in supporting the live on children that are challenged with disabilities (Reynolds Fletcher-Janzen, 2002) Special needs educationRead MoreAssistive Technology And Instructional Technology1551 Words   |  7 Pagesall about potential.† –Steve Ballmer Technology can be very empowering especially for children who are exceptional. In understanding both Assistive Technology and Instructional technology one may begin to see how they can both beneficial to student with disabilities. To understand Assistive technology (A.T.), we first should defined it. Assistive technology is defined as, as any gadget/equipment for and exceptional individual that helps to counter-balance their specific disability(s). (Stanberry Read MoreExceptional Children813 Words   |  4 PagesAll children exhibit differences from one another in terms of their physical attributes (e.g., some are shorter, some are stronger) and learning abilities (e.g., some learn quickly and are able to remember and use what they have learned in new situations; others need repeated practice and have difficulty maintaining and generalizing new knowledge and skills). The differences among most children are relatively small, enabling these children to benefit from the general education program. The physicalRead MoreThe Emotional Struggles Associated With Raising An Exceptional Child1565 Words   |  7 Pages 1. The emotional struggles associated with raising an exceptional child are complex and innumerable. Many parents describe a pendulum of feelings that are both overwhelming and intense. Such emotions include shock, denial, grief, guilt, confusion, exhaustion, determination, frustration, acceptance, and love. 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One could say that teachers are the primary campaigners for improvement within the education system. However, without a close knit group of people working to advance education, not much will be changed. That is why professional organizations are so important. They provide educators with outlets they need to be successful. There are many different organizations which teachers may choose toRead MoreIntervention, Differentiated Instruction, And The Relationship Between The Processes1487 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween the Processes Response to Intervention and Differentiated Instruction are educational methods that ensure that students are getting the instruction that best meets their own specific learning needs and best maximizes their potential to learn and grow. RTI focuses on meeting every students needs by getting more structured and individualized as a learner moves through the tiers of the system. DI is a method that all teachers use in their classrooms on a daily basis to ensure that all students

Surveillance Cameras On The United States - 1742 Words

Introduction In this paper, the following sections will be discussed in accordance the use of the Conflict theory: The history of the surveillance camera, The present day use of the Surveillance Camera, Surveillance Camera use outside of the United States, When Surveillance cameras effect behavior, and When Surveillance Cameras do not effect behavior. The use of Surveillance Cameras alters or sustains a person’s behavior, based on the situation presented. History Present Day Surveillance Camera use outside of the United States It is no surprise that surveillance cameras are used worldwide. However, do countries use them the same way as the United States? Are they as accepted as in the United States? In this section, three different countries will be discussed; France, Italy, and the United Kingdom; France will be discussed first. The French Government began to use the surveillance cameras during the 1990s. During this time period, Government officials began drawing the attention of the public to use the cameras regularly, instead of having them â€Å"for show.† The only individuals, who used the cameras, were business owners (jewelers and banks). They used them to help protect their businesses from crime. The reason these people only used them because the French public was in dispute of the privacy of the cameras. The people against questioned the privacy and usefulness, while the people for believed there was a security inadequacy because of thr eats of terrorism and violenceShow MoreRelatedPolice Surveillance Cameras On Public Areas868 Words   |  4 Pagesdebate to surface; whether police surveillance cameras are a necessary tool in public safety or are the police surveillance cameras a violation of citizens rights and civil liberties. 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Digital Privacy1735 Words   |  7 Pagessuccessful manner, whilst preserving the fundamental rights of all United States Citizens. In light of the controversy over national security versus digital privacy, the government should partake in international surveillance because it inhibits potential crime and terrorism, it is quick, it is dependable, and it has been proven to be successful through past endeavors. To begin, in order to intercept terrorism and ensure the safety of United States civilians, the government must gain access to the personalRead MoreSurveillance And The Privacy Of The United States Government Surveillance1497 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s society, countless surveillance methods are in place. These can range from simple cameras to high-tech home monitoring. Times have changed from the large cameras of the 1900s. Cameras can now be as small as a pin’s needle. Full scale home protection systems use video surveillance to watch over the home 24 hours a day. 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The major issues of getting these cameras are the money and time it takes to get them operating in the best way they can. In many cases examined, surveillance cameras have helped tremendously. Now, it’s just a matter of improving these cameras. The amount of good a surveillance camera can do far outweighs the harm; thereforeRead MoreSurveillance And The Threat Of Terrorism1381 Words   |  6 PagesSurveillance Over the decades, as technology advanced, surveillance became easier and easier. In the 21st century, people live in the world of ubiquitous surveillance, where everything becomes collected, saved, searched, correlated and analyzed. Surveillance generally means to keep close watch over someone or something. While a root word in surveillance is veil, which portrays imagery as saving face, or hiding. 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This was basically a precursor to today’s National Security Agency and United States first peacetime federal intelligence agency. Today’s National Security Agency wa later created in 1952 by Harry Truman in secret to allow the Defence Department to gather surveillance info after World War II. In 1972 the US Supreme Court ruled that the fourthRead MoreWomen s Approval Of Camera Surveillance1060 Words   |  5 Pagesdebate seem stalled at a stalemate, the balance of supporters on either side of the debate are far from even even. Overall, 71% of people support surveillance and 25% oppose. Surprisingly, older citizens are more accepting and supp ortive of increased surveillance compared to younger new adults who more strongly oppose. Women’s approval of camera surveillance is at 75% while only 66% of men support the increase, dipping downward almost 10%(â€Å"Broad Support...†). Relating to the percentages between men

Essay sch33 (1.1) - 707 Words

ACTIVITY Task 1 Task 1 (3.1) Design and make a leaflet for parents to welcome them when they and their children first join the setting. The leaflet should describe your policies and procedures directly related to anti-discrimination and inclusion, and the key values that your setting promotes. Use the leaflet as an opportunity to invite parents to tell you about their family culture and beliefs, remembering that disclosing this sort of information is entirely optional. Ask parents to let you know if there is anything that your setting can do to better support their beliefs, culture, values and preferences, as a way to better reflect the community’s diversity. Amongst other ideas of your own, you may want to ask them to†¦show more content†¦Intervening sensitively when children make racist comments to one another Task 3 (3.2) Imagine that you encounter the following situations at your setting. Briefly plan an activity for each one (for staff or for children, as appropriate) that shows how you could challenge the beliefs underpinning each situation and promote change. 1. You are a setting manager. You overhear room leader Jonathan say to fellow practitioner Laura that it is not fair that Afia is allowed time to pray during work each day. Answer: Base on the setting of the nursery the children need is first priority. As a setting manager, I would plan a staff meeting and discuss any concern then I would be able to implement the prayer time if possible. 2. You are a room leader. At story time Farukh says he does not want to hear a particular story because it is about a ‘brown’ girl, and ‘brown’ girls are not interesting. Answer : As a room leader I would ask him an open question that would enable him to express himself, such as what girl interest him? And depending on his answer I would then get some cultural books from around the world and explain to the class that everyone is special even though they are all different colour from different background. 3. You are a setting manager. Your deputy Hannah says that she cannot provide

A Doll s House by Hendrik Ibsen Essay Example For Students

A Doll s House by Hendrik Ibsen Essay After reading A Doll s House by Hendrik Ibsen. I can conclude that there is both a parallel and a contrast structure in the characters of Mrs. Linde and Nora. A contrasting difference in the characters, are shown not in the characters themselves, but the role that they play in their marriages. These women have different relationships with their husbands. Torvald and Nora have a relationship where there is no equality. To Torvald Nora is an object. Hence, she plays the submissive role in a society where the lady plays the passive role. Her most important obligation is to please Torvald, making her role similar to a slave. He too considers himself superior to her. As for Kristine and Krogstad their relationship is much more open to us. It is apparent that if Kristine and Krogstad were to engage in an argument, it is more likely that that they would come to a compromise. A strong sign that Mrs. Linde brings us a better understanding of Nora is their parallel in characters. Both are willing to sacrifice themselves for values dear to their lives. This act of aiding significant loved ones gives us a better understanding of Nora. It gives us an image of who the character Nora really is. Mrs. Linde shows her loyalty to her family when she did not think that she had the right to refuse her husband s marriage proposal. After taking into consideration her sick mother, her brothers, and Krogstad having money. She married for the welfare of her family. Which means that in this society family is top priority. To the women is this era, loyalty to their loved ones is highly expected. Then, we have Nora, who on the same token saves her husband (Torvald s) life, which portrays again, the trend of women sacrificing for their families. They both (Mrs. Linde and Nora) express their feelings of pride and fulfillment in helping their significant others by sacrificing themselves. Nora s character is made more obvious to us by Mrs. Linde s actions. Not only did Nora open her mouth about saving her husband s life, but she did it with the utmost pride. Claiming to have raised all the money herself she soaks in her self-importance. In Act 1, Nora seems to thrive on the pride she gets from borrowing the money. I suppose that she is feeling useful for a change. It seems also, that Mrs. Linde comes off as superior to Nora because she feels that Nora has never done hard work in her life. Mrs. Linde is referring to the sacrifice she has made. She makes a remark about Nora still being a child. As if to say that she was inexperienced. She is half-right. At the end of the play Nora agrees that is it true, She does not know much about the world and that if she is to learn, then she will have to experience that for herself. This remark tells us that Nora is capable of choosing herself over her husband. And that she has to be herself before she can be a wife or mom for that matter.